George H. W. Bush

==== End of the Cold War ====
{{Further|Revolutions of 1989|Dissolution of the Soviet Union}}

During the first year of his tenure, Bush paused Reagan's détente policy toward the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Greene|2015|pp=110–112}} Bush and his advisers were initially divided on Gorbachev; some administration officials saw him as a democratic reformer, but others suspected him of trying to make the minimum changes necessary to restore the Soviet Union to a competitive position with the United States.{{sfn|Meacham|2015|pp=368–369}} In 1989, all the Communist governments collapsed in Eastern Europe. Gorbachev declined to send in the Soviet military, effectively abandoning the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]]. The U.S. was not directly involved in these upheavals, but the Bush administration avoided gloating over the demise of the [[Eastern Bloc]] to avoid undermining further democratic reforms.{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=904–906}}

Bush and Gorbachev met at the [[Malta Summit]] in December 1989. Though many on the right remained wary of Gorbachev, Bush came away believing that Gorbachev would negotiate in good faith.{{sfn|Meacham|2015|pp=385–387}} For the remainder of his term, Bush sought cooperative relations with Gorbachev, believing he was the key to peace.{{sfn|Naftali|2007|pp=91–93}} The primary issue at the Malta Summit was the potential [[reunification of Germany]]. While Britain and France were wary of a reunified Germany, Bush joined German chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] in pushing for German reunification.<ref name="heilbrunn">{{cite news|last1=Heilbrunn|first1=Jacob|title=Together Again|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/31/books/together-again.html|access-date=August 25, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 31, 1996}}</ref> Bush believed that a reunified Germany would serve American interests.{{sfn|Meacham|2015|pp=400–402}} After extensive negotiations, Gorbachev agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO, and Germany officially reunified in October 1990 after paying billions of marks to Moscow.{{sfn|Greene|2015|pp=126, 134–137}}

[[File:Bush Gorba P15623-25A.jpg|thumb|Bush and [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] at the [[Helsinki Summit (1990)|Helsinki Summit]] in 1990]]

Gorbachev used force to suppress nationalist movements within the Soviet Union itself.{{sfn|Greene|2015|pp=120–121}} A crisis in Lithuania left Bush in a difficult position, as he needed Gorbachev's cooperation in the reunification of Germany and feared that the collapse of the Soviet Union could leave nuclear arms in dangerous hands. The Bush administration mildly protested Gorbachev's suppression of Lithuania's independence movement but took no action to intervene directly.{{sfn|Herring|2008|p=907}} Bush warned independence movements of the disorder that could come with secession from the Soviet Union; in a 1991 address that critics labeled the "[[Chicken Kiev speech]]", he cautioned against "suicidal nationalism".{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=907, 913–914}} In July 1991, Bush and Gorbachev signed the [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)]] treaty, in which both countries agreed to cut their strategic nuclear weapons by 30 percent.{{sfn|Greene|2015|p=204}}

In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup]] against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.{{sfn|Naftali|2007|pp=137–138}} Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary of the Communist party]], and Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] ordered the seizure of Soviet property. Gorbachev clung to power as the [[President of the Soviet Union]] until December 1991, when the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]].{{sfn|Greene|2015|pp=205–206}} [[Post-Soviet states|Fifteen states]] emerged from the Soviet Union, and of those states, Russia was the largest and most populous. Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".<ref name="mwines1">{{cite news|last1=Wines|first1=Michael|title=Bush and Yeltsn Declare Formal End to Cold War; Agree to Exchange Visits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/02/world/bush-and-yeltsin-declare-formal-end-to-cold-war-agree-to-exchange-visits.html|access-date=August 24, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 2, 1992}}</ref> In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to [[START II]], which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.{{sfn|Greene|2015|pp=238–239}}