Crusades

==Financing==
Crusade finance and taxation left a legacy of social, financial, and legal institutions. Property became available while coinage and precious materials circulated more readily within Europe. Crusading expeditions created immense demands for food supplies, weapons, and shipping that benefited merchants and artisans. Levies for crusades contributed to the development of centralised financial administrations and the growth of papal and royal taxation. This aided development of representative bodies whose consent was required for many forms of taxation.<ref name=":3">Bird, Jessalynn (2006). "Finance of Crusades". In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 432–436.</ref>

The Crusades strengthened exchanges between [[Orient]]al and [[Occident]]al economic spheres. The transport of pilgrims and crusaders notably benefitted Italian maritime cities, such as the trio of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa. Having obtained commercial privileges in the fortified places of Syria, they became the favoured intermediaries for trade in goods such as silk, spices, as well as other raw alimentary goods and mineral products. Trade with the Muslim world was thus extended beyond existing limits. Merchants were further advantaged by technological improvements, and long-distance trade as a whole expanded.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cartwright |first1=Mark |title=Trade in Medieval Europe |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1301/trade-in-medieval-europe/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en |date=8 January 2019}}</ref> The increased volume of goods being traded through ports of the Latin Levant and the Muslim world made this the cornerstone of a wider Middle Eastern economy, as manifested in important cities along the trade routes, such as Aleppo, Damascus, and Acre. It became increasingly common for European merchants to venture further east, and business was conducted fairly despite religious differences, and continued even in times of political and military tensions.<ref name=":3" />