Texas

===Religion===
{{see also|List of cathedrals in Texas}}
{{bar box
|title = Religious affiliation (2020)<ref>Public Religion Research Institute, [http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX "American Values Atlas (Texas)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221221714/http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX |date=February 21, 2019 }}</ref>
|titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|darkblue|75.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|mediumblue|28}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|mediumblue|47}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian|mediumblue|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]|purple|20}}
{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|5}}
}}

With the coming of Spanish Catholic and American Protestant missionary societies,<ref>{{Cite web|title= Religion|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/religion|access-date=February 16, 2021|publisher=TSHA |work=Handbook of Texas |first1= John W. |last1=Storey |orig-date=February 1, 1996 |date=August 25, 2023 }}</ref> Indigenous [[Native American religions|American Indian religions and spiritual traditions]] dwindled. Since then, colonial and present-day Texas has become a predominantly Christian state, with 75.5% of the population identifying as such according to the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] in 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=American Values Atlas |url=http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=Public Religion Research Institute |archive-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221221714/http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-TX |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:St._Mary's_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg|thumb|[[St. Mary Cathedral Basilica (Galveston, Texas)|St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston|Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]]]]
Among its majority Christian populace, the largest Christian denomination as of 2014 has been the [[Catholic Church]], per the [[Pew Research Center]] at 23% of the population, although [[Protestantism|Protestants]] collectively constituted 50% of the Christian population in 2014;<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics: Texas |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/texas |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> in the 2020 study by the Public Religion Research Institute, the Catholic Church's membership increased to encompassing 28% of the population identifying with a religious or spiritual belief.<ref name=":2" /> At the 2020 [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] study, there were 5,905,142 Catholics in the state.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=U.S. Religion Census}}</ref> The largest Catholic jurisdictions in Texas are the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston|Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston]]—the first and oldest [[Latin Church]] diocese in Texas<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston |url=https://www.archgh.org/backgroundinfo |access-date=March 3, 2022 |website=archgh.org |quote=The Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston...… serves 1.7 million-plus Catholics.… is the first and oldest diocese in Texas, established by Pope Pius IX in 1847, when Galveston was named the [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|mother diocese]] of the Lone Star State.}}</ref>—the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas|Dallas]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth|Fort Worth]], and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio|Archdiocese of San Antonio]].
[[File:Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg|thumb|[[First Baptist Church (Dallas)|First Baptist Church of Dallas]]]]
Being part of the strongly, socially conservative [[Bible Belt]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bethancourt|first=Phillip|title=Rough Country: How Texas Became America's Most Powerful Bible-Belt State|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/reviews/rough-country-texas/|access-date=October 20, 2020|website=The Gospel Coalition|date=June 16, 2017 }}</ref> Protestants as a whole declined to 47% of the population in the 2020 study by the Public Religion Research Institute. Predominantly-white [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestantism]] declined to 14% of the Protestant Christian population. [[Mainline Protestant]]s in contrast made up 15% of Protestant Texas. Hispanic or Latino American-dominated Protestant churches and [[Black church|historically Black or African American Protestantism]] grew to a collective 13% of the Protestant population.

Evangelical Protestants were 31% of the population in 2014, and [[Baptists]] were the largest Evangelical tradition (14%);<ref name=":5" /> according to the 2014 study, they made up the second-largest Mainline Protestant group behind [[Methodism|Methodists]] (4%). [[Nondenominational Christianity|Nondenominational]] and interdenominational Protestant Christians were the second largest Evangelical group (7%) followed by [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] (4%). The largest Evangelical Baptists in the state were the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] (9%) and independent Baptists (3%). The [[Assemblies of God USA]] was the largest Evangelical Pentecostal denomination in 2014. Among [[Mainline Protestants]], the [[United Methodist Church]] was the largest denomination (4%) and the [[American Baptist Churches USA]] comprised the second-largest Mainline Protestant group (2%).

According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the state's largest historically African American Christian denominations were the [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptist Convention (USA)]] and the [[Church of God in Christ]]. Black Methodists and other Christians made up less than 1 percent each of the Christian demographic. Other Christians made up 1 percent of the total Christian population, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] formed less than 1 percent of the statewide Christian populace. The [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Texas|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is the largest [[Nontrinitarianism|nontrinitarian]] Christian group in Texas alongside the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref name=":5" />

Among its Protestant population, the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020 determined Southern Baptists numbered 3,319,962; non-denominational Protestants 2,405,786 (including [[Christian churches and churches of Christ|Christian Churches and Churches of Christ]], and the [[Churches of Christ]] altogether numbering 2,758,353); and United Methodists 938,399 as the most numerous Protestant groups in the state.<ref name=":4" /> Baptists altogether (Southern Baptists, [[American Baptist Association|American Baptist Associates]], American Baptists, [[Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship|Full Gospel Baptists]], [[General Baptists]], [[Free Will Baptist]]s, National Baptists, [[National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.|National Baptists of America]], [[National Missionary Baptist Convention of America|National Missionary Baptists]], [[National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.|National Primitive Baptists]], and [[Progressive National Baptist Convention|Progressive National Baptists]]) numbered 3,837,306; Methodists within United Methodism, the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church|AME]], [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church|AME Zion]], [[Christian Methodist Episcopal Church|CME]], and the [[Free Methodist Church]] numbered 1,026,453 Texans.

The same study tabulated 425,038 Pentecostals spread among the Assemblies of God, [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God (Cleveland)]], and Church of God in Christ. Nontrinitarian or [[Oneness Pentecostalism|Oneness Pentecostals]] numbered 7,042 between [[Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ]], [[Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith|COOLJC]], and the [[Pentecostal Assemblies of the World]]. Other Christians, including the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, numbered 55,329 altogether, and Episcopalians numbered 134,318, although the [[Anglican Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Church in America]], [[Anglican Church in North America]], [[Anglican Province of America]], and [[Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite)|Holy Catholic Church Anglican Rite]] had a collective presence in 114 churches.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=U.S. Religion Census}}</ref>

Non-Christian faiths accounted for 4% of the religious population in 2014, and 5% in 2020 per the Pew Research Center and Public Religion Research Institute.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism were tied as the second largest religion as of 2014 and 2020. In 2014, 18% of the state's population were religiously unaffiliated. Of the unaffiliated in 2014, an estimated 2% were [[Atheism|atheists]] and 3% [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]; in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute noted the largest non-Christian groups were the [[Spiritual but not religious|irreligious]] (20%), [[Judaism]] (1%), [[Islam]] (1%), [[Buddhism]] (1%) and [[Hinduism]], and other religions at less than 1 percent each.

In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000 as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.texanonline.net/special-reports/muslim-growth-adds-to-texas-diversity |title=Texas Online: Muslim growth adds to Texas diversity |work=Texanonline.net |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326150126/http://www.texanonline.net/special-reports/muslim-growth-adds-to-texas-diversity |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 313,209 Muslims as of 2020.<ref name=":4" /> Texas is the fifth-largest [[Muslim]]-populated state as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/arts/design/dallas-museum-lands-a-rich-trove-of-islamic-art.html |title=Dallas Museum Lands a Rich Trove of Islamic Art |date=February 4, 2014 |website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 25, 2016}}</ref> The Jewish population was around 128,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite book |title=Twentieth-century Texas: a social and cultural history |author1=Storey, John Woodrow |author2=Kelley |author3=Mary L. |publisher=University of North Texas Press |year=2008 |page=145}}</ref> In 2020, the Jewish population grew to over 176,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Population in the United States by State|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-in-the-united-states-by-state|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018050539/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-in-the-united-states-by-state|archive-date=October 18, 2020|access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> According to ARDA's 2020 study, there were 43 [[Chabad]] synagogues; 17,513 [[Conservative Jews]]; 8,110 [[Orthodox Jews]]; and 31,378 [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jews]]. Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]] lived in Texas as of 2004.<ref>Lindsey, William D.; Silk, Mark: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NjdrZ4m_BK8C Religion and public life in the southern crossroads: showdown states]'', Altamira Press, 2004, p. 48</ref> By 2020, there were 112,153 Hindus and 20 Sikh gurdwaras; 60,882 Texans adhered to [[Buddhism]].