Sleep deprivation

===Sleep-wake cycle===
People aged 18 to 64 need seven to nine hours of sleep per night.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=Here's What Happens When You Don't Get Enough Sleep (And How Much You Really Need a Night) |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/happens-body-dont-get-enough-sleep/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en-US}}</ref> Research studying sleep deprivation shows its impact on mood, cognitive, and motor functioning due to dysregulation of the sleep-wake cycle and augmented sleep propensity.<ref name="Durmer2005" /> Multiple studies that identified the role of the [[hypothalamus]] and multiple neural systems controlling circadian rhythms and homeostasis have been helpful in understanding sleep deprivation better.<ref name="Durmer2005" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE | title = The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 24 | issue = 12 | pages = 726–731 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11718878 | doi = 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02002-6 | s2cid = 206027570 }}</ref> To describe the temporal course of the sleep-wake cycle, the two-process model of sleep regulation can be mentioned.<ref name="Durmer2005" />

This model proposes a homeostatic process (Process S) and a circadian process (Process C) that interact to define the time and intensity of sleep.<ref name="Borbély2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Borbély AA, Daan S, Wirz-Justice A, Deboer T | title = The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal | journal = Journal of Sleep Research | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–143 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26762182 | doi = 10.1111/jsr.12371 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Process S represents the drive for sleep, increasing during wakefulness and decreasing during sleep until a defined threshold level, while Process C is the oscillator responsible for these levels. When being sleep deprived, homeostatic pressure accumulates to the point that waking functions will be degraded even at the highest circadian drive for wakefulness.<ref name="Durmer2005" /><ref name="Borbély2016" />
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