Racial segregation

=== Canada ===

Until 1965, racial segregation in schools, stores and most aspects of public life existed legally in [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]] and [[Nova Scotia]], and informally in other provinces such as [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Natasha |date=8 September 2021 |title=Racial Segregation of Black People in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Since the 1970s, there has been a concern expressed by some academics that major Canadian cities are becoming more segregated on income and ethnic lines. Reports have indicated that the inner suburbs of post-merger [[Toronto]]<ref name=huffingtonpost1 /> and the southern [[bedroom communities]] of [[Greater Vancouver]]<ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Rachel |date=12 March 2012 |title=Vancouver Income Inequality Study Shows City Segregating Along Racial, Income Lines |work=Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/03/12/vancouver-income-inequality-study_n_1334796.html |access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> have become steadily more immigrant and [[visible minority]] dominated communities and have lagged behind other neighbourhoods in average income. A [[CBC News|CBC]] panel in Vancouver in 2012 discussed the growing public fear that the proliferation of [[ethnic enclaves]] in Greater Vancouver (such as [[Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver|Han Chinese]] in [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] and [[Punjabis in Vancouver|Punjabis]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]) amounted to a type of [[self-segregation]]. In response to these fears, many minority activists have pointed out that most Canadian neighbourhoods remain predominately White, and yet white people are never accused of "self-segregation".

The [[Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke|Mohawk tribe]] of [[Kahnawake]] has been criticized for evicting non-Mohawks from the Mohawk reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=Natives only, please: A look into the eviction of non-natives from the Kahnawake reserve |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=2529314#ixzz0gEyxbZlC |access-date=15 February 2011 |website=National Post |location=Canada}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mohawks who marry outside of their tribal nation lose their right to live in their homelands.<ref name="nationalpost.com">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=Mohawk role model faces eviction over non-native fiancé |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/a9/3288607/story.html |access-date=15 February 2011 |website=National Post |location=Canada}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="thestar.com">{{Cite news |last=Brennan |first=Richard |date=21 February 2010 |title=Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve |work=The Star |location=Toronto |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/768952--evicting-26-non-natives-splits-reserve}}</ref> The Mohawk government claims that its policy of nationally exclusive membership is for the preservation of its identity,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=Not native? Then leave reserve, Mohawks say |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/native+Then+leave+reserve+Mohawks/2515716/story.html |access-date=15 February 2011 |website=National Post |location=Canada}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but there is no exemption for those who adopt [[Mohawk language]] or culture.<ref name="nationalpost.com" /> All interracial couples were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they have lived on the reserve.<ref name="thestar.com" /> The only exemption is for mixed national couples married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the nationally exclusive membership policy, the [[Canadian Human Rights Tribunal]] ruled that the Mohawk government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

A long-standing practice of national segregation has also been imposed upon the commercial salmon fishery in [[British Columbia]] since 1992 when separate commercial fisheries were created for select aboriginal groups on three B.C. river systems. Canadians of other nations who fish in the separate fisheries have been arrested, jailed and prosecuted. Although the fishermen who were prosecuted were successful at trial in [[R v Kapp]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=R. v. Kapp et al – Reasons for Judgment |url=http://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/judgments/pc/2003/02/p03_0279.htm |date=July 28, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001043749/http://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/judgments/pc/2003/02/p03_0279.htm |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Provincial Court of British Columbia}}</ref> this decision was overturned on appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2004 |title=2004 BCSC 958 R. v. Kapp et al |url=http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/sc/04/09/2004bcsc0958.htm |access-date=15 February 2011 |publisher=The Courts of British Columbia |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210817/http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/sc/04/09/2004bcsc0958.htm |archive-date= Sep 23, 2015 }}</ref>