Oceania

===Flora===
{{Main|Geography of Australia|Environment of New Zealand|Flora of Australia|Flora of New Zealand|Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands|Domesticated plants of Austronesia}}
[[File:Countryside Kaikoura, New Zealand.JPG|thumb|New Zealand countryside]]
[[File:Uluṟu (Ayers Rock), Sunset.jpg|thumb|[[Uluru]] (Ayers Rock) in [[Central Australia]]]]

The most diverse country of Oceania when it comes to the environment is Australia, with tropical [[rainforest]]s in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and dry desert in the centre.<ref name="envigov2012" /> [[Deserts of Australia|Desert]] or semi-arid land commonly known as the [[outback]] makes up by far the largest portion of land.<ref name="portrait" /> The [[Eastern Australian temperate forests|coastal uplands]] and a [[Brigalow Belt|belt of Brigalow grasslands]] lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland.<ref name="drivers375" /> The northernmost point of the east coast is the tropical-rainforested [[Cape York Peninsula]].<ref name="uplands" /><ref name="gdowns" /><ref name="mulgas" /><ref name="tempera" /><ref name="savanna" />

Prominent features of the Australian flora are adaptations to [[aridity]] and fire which include [[sclerophyll|scleromorphy]] and [[serotiny]]. These adaptations are common in species from the large and well-known families [[Proteaceae]] (''[[Banksia]]''), [[Myrtaceae]] (''[[Eucalyptus]]'' – gum trees), and [[Fabaceae]] (''[[Acacia]]'' – wattle). The flora of Fiji, [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], and [[New Caledonia]] is [[tropical dry forest]], with [[tropical vegetation]] that includes [[palm trees]], [[premna protrusa|''Premna protrusa'']], [[psydrax odorata|''Psydrax odorata'']], [[gyrocarpus americanus|''Gyrocarpus americanus'']], and [[derris trifoliata|''Derris trifoliata'']].<ref name="mostvb" />

New Zealand's landscape ranges from the [[fjord]]-like sounds of the southwest to the tropical beaches of the far north. South Island is dominated by the [[Southern Alps]]. There are 18 peaks of more than 3000 metres (9800&nbsp;ft) in the South Island. All summits over 2,900 m are within the Southern Alps, a chain that forms the backbone of the South Island; the highest peak of which is [[Aoraki / Mount Cook]], at {{convert|3754|metre}}. Earthquakes are common, though usually not severe, averaging 3,000 per year.<ref name="newzat" /> There is a wide variety of native trees, adapted to all the various micro-climates in New Zealand.<ref name="vascplant" />

In Hawaii, one endemic plant, ''[[Brighamia]]'', now requires hand-pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.<ref name="plantprop" /> The two species of ''Brighamia''&nbsp;– ''B. rockii'' and ''B. insignis''&nbsp;– are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants. To ensure these plants set seed, biologists rappel down {{convert|3000|foot|m|adj=on|order=flip}} cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.<ref name="forgotpol" />