Justice

===Theories of sentencing===
In [[criminal law]], a [[Sentence (law)|sentence]] forms the final explicit act of a [[judge]]-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function.<ref>{{Cite web|title=laws rules justice|url=https://www.basicknowledge101.com/subjects/laws.html}}</ref> The sentence can generally involve a decree of [[prison|imprisonment]], a [[Fine (penalty)|fine]] and/or other [[punishment]]s against a [[defendant]] [[conviction (law)|convicted]] of a [[crime]]. Laws may specify the range of penalties that can be imposed for various offenses, and sentencing guidelines sometimes regulate what punishment within those ranges can be imposed given a certain set of offense and offender characteristics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=sentencing guidelines|website=[[Library of Congress]]|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/sentencing-guidelines/sentencing-guidelines.pdf}}</ref> The most common purposes of sentencing in legal theory are:

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Theory
! Aim of theory
! Suitable punishment
|-
|[[Retributive justice|Retribution]]
| Punishment imposed for no reason other than an offense being committed, on the basis that if [[Eye for an eye|proportionate]], punishment is morally acceptable as a response that satisfies the aggrieved party, their intimates and society.
|
* Tariff sentences
* Sentence must be proportionate to the crime
|-
|[[Deterrence (legal)|Deterrence]]
|
* To the individual&nbsp;– the individual is deterred through fear of further punishment.
* To the general public&nbsp;– Potential offenders warned as to likely punishment
|
* Prison Sentence
* Heavy Fine
* Long sentence as an example to others
|-
|[[Rehabilitation (penology)|Rehabilitation]]
|To reform the offender's behavior
|
* Individualized sentences
* Community service orders
* moral education
* vocational education
|-
|[[Incapacitation (penology)|Incapacitation]]
|Offender is made incapable of committing further crime to protect society at large from crime
|
* Long prison sentence
* Electronic tagging
* Banning orders
|-
|[[Reparation (legal)|Reparation]]
|Repayment to victim(s) or to community
|
* Compensation
* Unpaid work
* Reparation Schemes
|-
|[[Denunciation (penology)|Denunciation]]
|Society expressing its disapproval reinforcing moral boundaries
|
* Reflects blameworthiness of offense
* punishment in public
* punishment reported to public

|-
|}

In [[civil law (common law)|civil cases]] the decision is usually known as a [[verdict]], or judgment, rather than a sentence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=how court works|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_related_education_network/how_courts_work/verdict/}}</ref> Civil cases are settled primarily by means of monetary compensation for harm done ("[[damages]]") and orders intended to prevent future harm (for example [[injunction]]s). Under some legal systems an award of damages involves some scope for retribution, denunciation and deterrence, by means of additional categories of damages beyond simple compensation, covering a [[Punitive damages|punitive effect, social disapprobation, and potentially, deterrence]], and occasionally [[Disgorgement (law)|disgorgement]] (forfeit of any gain, even if no loss was caused to the other party).