Jerusalem

====Crusader/Ayyubid period====
{{further|History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem}}
[[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|200 px|A medieval illustration of the capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade, 1099.]]

In 1099, the Fatimid ruler expelled the native Christian population before Jerusalem was [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|besieged]] by the soldiers of the [[First Crusade]]. After taking the solidly defended city by assault, the Crusaders massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and made it the capital of their [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. The city, which had been virtually emptied, was recolonized by a variegated inflow of [[Greeks]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Hungarians]], [[Georgians]], [[Armenians]], [[Syrians]], [[Egyptians]], [[Nestorians]], [[Maronites]], [[Jacob Baradeus|Jacobite]] Miaphysites, [[Copts]] and others, to block the return of the surviving Muslims and Jews. The north-eastern quarter was repopulated with Eastern Christians from the Transjordan.<ref>Adrian J. Boas, ''Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades'', Routledge 2001, pp. 14, 35.</ref> As a result, by 1099 Jerusalem's population had climbed back to some 30,000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hull |first=Michael D. |date=June 1999 |title=First Crusade: Siege of Jerusalem |journal=Military History |url=http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3028446.html?page=4&c=y |access-date=18 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181302/http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3028446.html?page=4&c=y |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2017}}

In 1187, [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|the city was wrested]] from the Crusaders by [[Saladin]] who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city.<ref name=century1>{{cite web |url=http://www.centuryone.com/hstjrslm.html |publisher=The CenturyOne Foundation |title=Main Events in the History of Jerusalem |access-date=2 February 2007 |year=2003 |work=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113084400/http://www.centuryone.com/hstjrslm.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the terms of surrender, once ransomed, 60,000 Franks were expelled. The Eastern Christian populace was permitted to stay.<ref>Adrian J. Boas, ''Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades'', Routledge 2001, pp. 16, 19</ref> Under the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] of Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, [[Hammam|public baths]], and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city's fall of strategic value and Ayyubid internecine struggles.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA209 |first1=Janet L. |last1=Abu-Lughod |first2=Michael |last2=Dumper |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |page=209 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083739/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA209 |url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 treaty agreed between the crusading [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II]] and [[al-Kamil]], the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] [[sultan]] of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]], that ended the [[Sixth Crusade]].<ref name=Addington01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CBEesvW2okC&pg=PA59 |title=The Patterns of War Through the Eighteenth Century |series=Midland book |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |author=Larry H. Addington |page=59 |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-253-20551-3 |access-date=30 May 2014 |quote=in the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II ...concluded a treaty with the Saracens in 1229 that placed Jerusalem under Christian control but allowed Muslim and Christian alike freedom of access to the religious shrines of the city. ... Within fifteen years of Frederick's departure from the Holy Land, the Khwarisimian Turks, successors to the Seljuks, rampaged through Syria and Palestine, capturing Jerusalem in 1244. (Jerusalem would not be ruled again by Christians until the British occupied it in December 1917, during World War I). |author-link=Larry H. Addington |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083740/https://books.google.com/books?id=4CBEesvW2okC&pg=PA59 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Pringle01a>{{cite book |last=Pringle |first=Denys |title=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus |volume=3, The City of Jerusalem |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=5 |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-39038-5 |quote=During the period of Christian control of Jerusalem between 1229 and 1244 ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA5 |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083740/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Wharton01a>{{cite book |author=[[Annabel Jane Wharton|Wharton, A.J.]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1_BBK-LsesC&pg=PA106 |title=Selling Jerusalem: Relics, Replicas, Theme Parks |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |page=106 |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-226-89422-5 |access-date=30 May 2014 |quote=(footnote 19): It is perhaps worth noting that the same sultan, al-Malik al-Kamil, was later involved in the negotiations with Emperor Frederick II that briefly reestablished Latin control in Jerusalem between 1229 and 1244. |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083741/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1_BBK-LsesC&pg=PA106 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Askari01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6REAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=Conflicts in the Persian Gulf: Origins and Evolution |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |author=Hossein Askari |page=52 |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-35838-7 |access-date=30 May 2014 |quote=Later, during the years 1099 through 1187 AD and 1229 through 1244 AD, Christian Crusaders occupied Jerusalem ... |author-link=Hossein Askari |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083743/https://books.google.com/books?id=U6REAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Maoz01a>{{cite book |url={{Google books |id=o6YuXfFUwBgC |page=3 |plainurl=yes}} |title=The Meeting of Civilizations: Muslim, Christian, and Jewish |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |editor=Ma'oz, Moshe |editor-link=:de:Moshe Ma'oz |page=3 |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-84519-395-9 |access-date=30 May 2014 |quote=(Introduction by Moshe Ma'oz) ... When the Christian Crusaders occupied Jerusalem (AD 1099–1187, 1229–1244) ...}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications.

In 1244, [[Siege of Jerusalem (1244)|Jerusalem was sacked]] by the [[Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246|Khwarezmian Tatars]], who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews.<ref name=Gilbert25>Gilbert (1978), p. 25.</ref> The Khwarezmian Tatars were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247.