Israel

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Israel}}
[[File:Brain research labs-Bar Ilan university.jpg|thumb|[[Bar-Ilan University#Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center|Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center]] at [[Bar-Ilan University]]]]
Education is highly valued in the Israeli culture and was viewed as a [[History of education in ancient Israel and Judah|fundamental block of ancient Israelites]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bibleresources.americanbible.org/resource/education-in-ancient-israel |title=Education in Ancient Israel |publisher=American Bible Society |access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the country [[List of countries by tertiary education attainment|ranked]] third among [[OECD]] members for the percentage of 25–64 year-olds that have attained [[tertiary education]] with 49% compared with the OECD average of 35%.<ref name="OECD_education">{{cite report |date=15 September 2016 |title=Education at a Glance: Israel |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> In 2012, the country ranked third in the number of academic degrees per capita (20 percent of the population).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html |title=Israel: IT Workforce |access-date=14 August 2007 |website=Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913013444/http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html |archive-date=13 September 2006}}</ref>

Israel has a [[school life expectancy]] of 16 years and a [[List of countries by literacy rate|literacy rate]] of 97.8%.<ref name="cia"/> The State Education Law (1953) established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools. The public secular is the largest school group, and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED250227&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED250227 |title=Israeli Schools: Religious and Secular Problems |publisher=Education Resources Information Center |date=10 October 1984 |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Education is compulsory for children between the ages of three and eighteen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/knesset-raises-school-dropout-age-to-18-1.225752 |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=20 March 2012 |date=18 July 2007 |title=Knesset raises school dropout age to 18 |first1=Or |last1=Kashti |first2=Shahar |last2=Ilan}}</ref> Schooling is divided into three tiers&nbsp;– primary school (grades 1–6), [[middle school]] (grades 7–9), and high school (grades 10–12)&nbsp;– culminating with ''[[Bagrut]]'' matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the [[Hebrew language]], Hebrew and general literature, the [[English language]], history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate.<ref name="moia">{{cite web |url=http://www.moia.gov.il/Publications/education_en.pdf |title=Education |last1=Shetreet |first1=Ida Ben |last2=Woolf |first2=Laura L. |year=2010 |website=Publications Department |publisher=Ministry of Immigrant Absorption |access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref>

Israel's Jewish population maintains a relatively high level of educational attainment where just under half of all Israeli Jews (46%) hold post-secondary degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/religion-and-education-around-the-world/|title=Religion and Education Around the World |date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/jewish-educational-attainment/|title=6. Jewish educational attainment|date=13 December 2016}}</ref> Israeli Jews (among those ages 25 and older) have average of 11.6 years of schooling making them one of the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/how-religious-groups-differ-in-educational-attainment/|title=How Religious Groups Differ in Educational Attainment|date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/jews-top-class-first-ever-global-study-religion-and-education|title=Jews at top of class in first-ever global study of religion and education|date=13 December 2016}}</ref> In Arab, Christian and [[Druze]] schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html |publisher=United States-Israel Educational Foundation via the University of Szeged University Library |title=The Israeli Matriculation Certificate |access-date=5 August 2007 |date=January 1996 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915073741/http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html }}</ref> In 2020, 68.7% of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Students in Grade 12 – Matriculation Examinees and Those Entitled to a Certificate |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/LochutTlushim/2023/st04_19.pdf |access-date=19 October 2023 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

[[File:MountScopusDec032022 03.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Scopus]] Campus of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]]]

Israel has a tradition of higher education where its quality university education has been largely responsible in spurring the nation's modern economic development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kehilanews.com/2017/05/11/israels-educational-tradition-drives-economic-growth/ |title=Israel's educational tradition drives economic growth |last=Silver |first=Stefan |date=11 May 2017 |website=Kehlia News Israel |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207190253/https://kehilanews.com/2017/05/11/israels-educational-tradition-drives-economic-growth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Israel has [[List of Israeli universities and colleges|nine public universities subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges]].<ref name="moia"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://embassies.gov.il/delhi/Departments/Pages/Academic%20Affairs.aspx |title=Higher Education in Israel |access-date=19 March 2012 |publisher=Embassy of Israel In India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725031634/http://embassies.gov.il/delhi/Departments/Pages/Academic%20Affairs.aspx |archive-date=25 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Paraszczuk|first=Joanna|title=Ariel gets university status, despite opposition |url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Ariel-gets-university-status-despite-opposition|access-date=21 December 2013|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=17 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] houses the [[National Library of Israel]], the world's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/library/aboutus/past/Building/Pages/history.aspx |publisher=National Library of Israel |title=History of the Library |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Technion]] and the Hebrew University consistently ranked among world's 100 top universities by [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] ranking.<ref name="ARWU">{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2016/Israel.html |title=Israel |date=2016 |publisher=Academic Ranking of World Universities |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817025723/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2016/Israel.html }}</ref> Other major universities include the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]], [[Tel Aviv University]], [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]], [[Bar-Ilan University]], the [[University of Haifa]] and the [[Open University of Israel]].