Ghana

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Ghana}}

[[File:Wikimedia Outreach in Ghana 6.jpeg|thumb|Education system's implementation of [[information and communications technology]] at the [[University of Ghana]]]]
The education system is divided into 3 parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15).<ref name="GEScurr"/> It is divided into kindergarten (2 years), primary school (2 modules of 3 years) and junior high (3 years). Junior high school ends with the [[Basic Education Certificate Examination]].<ref name="GEScurr">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum-1 |title=Basic Education Curriculum |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195225/http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum-1 |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="GEScurr2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum |title=Basic curriculum Education: The junior High Education |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605133413/http://ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle.<ref name="BECE">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |title=BECE |access-date=6 June 2014 |author=West African Examinations Council(corporate site: Ghana) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519130523/http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts 3 years and leads to the [[West African Senior School Certificate Examination]], which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme.<ref name="nab.gov.gh">{{cite web |url=http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |title=Country module Ghana |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605171810/http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>{{rp|7}} Polytechnics are open to vocational students.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |title=Vocational Education in Ghana |publisher=UNESCO-UNEVOC |date=July 2012 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230631/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A bachelor's degree requires 4 years of study. It can be followed by a 1- or 2-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least 3 years.<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/>{{rp|9}} A polytechnic programme lasts 2 or 3 years.<ref name="UNEVOC"/> Ghana possesses colleges of education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/3/3/2158244013497725 |title=A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access, Participation, Equity, and Disparity in Ghana |publisher=SageOpen |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=23 May 2014 |author=Atuahene, Ansah |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516125627/http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/3/3/2158244013497725 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the universities are the [[University of Ghana]], [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]], and [[University of Cape Coast]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=Top 10 Best Universities in Ghana |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=Pulse Gh |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163953/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are over 95% of children in school.<ref name="UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |title=UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality |publisher=unicef.org |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803061043/http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |title=Africa |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=26 June 2010 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107054024/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The female and male ages 15–24 years literacy rate was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%,<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813172150/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> and females at 80%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192409/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> A education system annually attracts [[foreign student]]s particularly in the university sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |title=Plight of Foreign Students in Ghana |publisher=modernghana.com |date=2 November 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813101531/http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Nyarota, Geoffrey; Against the Grain; pp. 101–102.</ref>

Ghana has a [[free education]] 6-year primary school education system beginning at age 6.<ref name="Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program">{{cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title=Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211948/http://www.voanews.com/content/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools. Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017/2018 academic year that senior high education became free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |title=Free SHS Begins in September – Government of Ghana |website=www.ghana.gov.gh |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210954/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the higher education level, the government funds more than 80% of resources provided to public universities, polytechnics and teacher training colleges. As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, Fcube, the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies, like exercise books. Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government. Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers.<ref name="KoinzerNikolai2017">{{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Koinzer |first2=Rita |last2=Nikolai |first3=Florian |last3=Waldow |title=Private Schools and School Choice in Compulsory Education: Global Change and National Challenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-17104-9 |page=143 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064508/https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |url-status=live}}</ref>