Feminism

==== Social constructionist ideologies ====
{{main|Social construction of gender}}
In the late 20th century various feminists began to argue that gender roles are [[social construction|socially constructed]],<ref name="Butler">{{cite book| last = Butler | first = Judith | author-link = Judith Butler | title = Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | orig-year = 1990 | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-415-92499-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/gendertroublefem00butl }}</ref><ref name=West&Zimmerman>{{cite journal | last1 = West | first1 = Candace | last2 = Zimmerman | first2 = Don H. | title = Doing gender | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–151 | doi = 10.1177/0891243287001002002 | jstor = 189945 | date = June 1987 | s2cid = 220519301 }} [https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/IV.%20Structures%20and%20Inequalities/1987%20West%20Zimmerman%20-%20Doing%20Gender.pdf Pdf.]</ref> and that it is impossible to generalize women's experiences across cultures and histories.<ref name=Benhabib>{{citation |last=Benhabib |first=Seyla |title=From identity politics to social feminism: a plea for the Nineties |journal=Philosophy of Education |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=14 |year=1995 |url=https://ojs.education.illinois.edu/index.php/pes/issue/archive |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233024/https://ojs.education.illinois.edu/index.php/pes/issue/archive |archive-date=5 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}

: ''Reproduced in'':
:* {{cite book | last = Benhabib | first = Seyla | chapter = From identity politics to social feminism: a plea for the Nineties | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ldmUEPvayQMC&pg=PA27 | editor-last1 = Melzer | editor-first1 = Arthur M. | editor-last2 = Weinberger | editor-first2 = Jerry | editor-last3 = Zinman | editor-first3 = M. Richard | title = Politics at the Turn of the Century | pages = 27–41 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, Maryland | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8476-9446-4 }}</ref> [[Post-structural feminism]] draws on the philosophies of [[post-structuralism]] and [[deconstruction]] in order to argue that the concept of gender is created socially and culturally through [[discourse]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Randall | first = Vicky | chapter = Feminism | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m70cBQAAQBAJ | editor-last1 = Marsh | editor-first1 = David | editor-last2 = Stoker | editor-first2 = Gerry | title = Theory and methods in political science | page = 116 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Basingstoke | year = 2010 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 978-0-230-57627-8 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Postmodern feminism|Postmodern feminists]] also emphasize the social construction of gender and the discursive nature of reality;<ref name=Butler/> however, as [[Pamela Abbott]] et al. write, a postmodern approach to feminism highlights "the existence of multiple truths (rather than simply men and women's standpoints)".<ref>{{cite book| last1 =Abbott |first1=Pamela |last2=Wallace |first2=Claire |first3=Melissa |last3=Tyler | chapter = Feminist knowledge | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PPp7dfrNTroC&pg=PA380 | title = An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives | page = 380 | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2005 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 978-0-415-31259-2 }}
: ''Citing'':
:* {{cite book| last = Yeatman | first = Anna | chapter = The epistemological politics of postmodern feminist theorizing | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3W3QES9zwdsC&pg=PA15 | title = Postmodern Revisionings of the Political | pages = [https://archive.org/details/postmodernrevisi0000yeat/page/15 15–22] | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-415-90198-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/postmodernrevisi0000yeat/page/15 }}</ref>