Fallen angel

=== Iblis ===
[[File:Adam honored.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Depiction of [[Iblis]], black-faced and without hair (top-right of the picture). He refuses to prostrate himself with the other angels]]
The Quran repeatedly tells about the fall of Iblis. According to [[Quran 2:30]],<ref>[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/30/ Q2:30], 50+ translations, islamawakened.com</ref> the angels object to God's intention to create a human, because they will ''cause corruption and shed blood'',<ref name="ReferenceH">Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar ''Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception'' Brill 2016 {{ISBN|978-90-04-33481-6}} p. 66</ref> echoing the account of 1 Enoch and the Book of Jubilees. This happens after the angels observe men causing unrighteousness.<ref>Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar ''Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception'' Brill 2016 {{ISBN|978-90-04-33481-6}} p. 70</ref> However, after God demonstrates the superiority of Adam's knowledge in comparison to the angels, He orders them to prostrate themselves. Only Iblis refuses to follow the instruction. When God asks for the reason behind Iblis' refusal, he boasts about himself being superior to Adam, because he is made of ''fire''. Thereupon God expels him from heaven. In the early [[Meccan Surah|Meccan period]], Iblis appears as a degraded angel.<ref>Jacques Waardenburg ''Islam: Historical, Social, and Political Perspectives'' Walter de Gruyter, 2008 {{ISBN|978-3-11-020094-2}} p. 38</ref> But since he is called a ''jinni'' in Surah 18:50, some scholars argue that Iblis is actually not an angel. This is the position of the tradition from Hasan al-Basri, who argued that Iblis is not an angel, but an entity apart, and the father of the jinn.<ref name=Erdağı/> Therefore, they reject the concept of ''fallen angels'' and emphasize the nobility of angels by quoting certain Quranic verses like 66:6 and 16:49, distinguishing between infallible angels and jinn capable of sin. 

On the other hand, the tradition from ibn Abbas allows the concept of fallen angels.<ref name=Erdağı/> According to Ibn Abbas, angels who guard the ''[[Jannah|jinan]]'' (here: ''heavens'') are called ''Jinni'', just as humans who were from Mecca are called ''Mecci'' (''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]''), but they are not related to the jinn-race.<ref>Al-Tabari J. Cooper W.F. Madelung and A. Jones ''The commentary on the Quran by Abu Jafar Muhammad B. Jarir al-Tabari being an abbridged translation of Jamil' al-bayan 'an ta'wil ay al-Qur'an'' Oxford University Press Hakim Investment Holdings p. 239</ref><ref>Mahmoud M. Ayoub ''Qur'an and Its Interpreters, The, Volume 1, Band 1'' SUNY Press {{ISBN|978-0-7914-9546-9}} p. 75</ref> This tradition asserts that Iblis and his angels are made from "[[Nar as-samum|poisonous fire]]" (''nār as-samūm''), the rest of the angels from "[[Nūr (Islam)|light]]" (''Nūr''), and the jinn mentioned in the Quran were created from "a mixture of fire" (''mārijin min nār'').<ref name=Erdağı>Erdağı, Deniz Özkan. "Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in “Semum”." SN Social Sciences 4.2 (2024): 1-22.</ref> Other scholars assert that a ''jinn'' is everything hidden from human eye, both angels and other invisible creatures, thus including Iblis to a group of angels. 

In Surah 15:36, God grants Iblis' request to prove the unworthiness of humans. Surah 38:82 also confirms that Iblis' intrigues to lead humans astray are permitted by God's power.<ref name="ReferenceI">Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar ''Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception'' Brill 2016 {{ISBN|978-90-04-33481-6}} p. 71</ref> However, as mentioned in Surah 17:65, Iblis' attempts to mislead God's servants are destined to fail.<ref name="ReferenceI" /> The Quranic episode of Iblis parallels another wicked angel in the earlier ''Books of Jubilees'': Like Iblis, [[Mastema]] requests God's permission to tempt humanity, and both are limited in their power, that is, not able to deceive God's servants.<ref>Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar ''Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception'' Brill 2016 {{ISBN|978-90-04-33481-6}} p. 72</ref> However, the motif of Iblis' disobedience derives not from the Watcher mythology, but can be traced back to the [[Cave of Treasures]], a work that probably holds the standard explanation in [[Proto-orthodox Christianity]] for the angelic fall of Satan.<ref name="ReferenceH" /> According to this explanation, Satan refuses to prostrate himself before Adam, because he is "fire and spirit" and thereupon Satan is banished from heaven.<ref>Paul van Geest, Marcel Poorthuis, Els Rose ''Sanctifying Texts, Transforming Rituals: Encounters in Liturgical Studies'' Brill 2017 {{ISBN|978-90-04-34708-3}} p. 83</ref><ref name="ReferenceH" /> Unlike the majority opinion in later Christianity, the idea that Iblis tries to usurp the throne of God is alien to Islam and due to its strict monotheism unthinkable.<ref>Amira El-Zein ''Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn'' Syracuse University Press 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8156-5070-6}} p. 45</ref>