Chicago Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Culture and contemporary life== {{Main|Culture of Chicago}}{{Further|List of people from Chicago}} [[File:New National Hellenic Museum during the day.jpg|thumb|The [[National Hellenic Museum]] in Greektown is one of several ethnic museums comprising the Chicago Cultural Alliance.]] The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from [[Rogers Park, Chicago|Rogers Park]] in the north to [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] in the south.<ref name="2000-demographics-map">{{cite web |title=Chicago Demographics |url=http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doit/general/GIS/Chicago_Maps/Census_Maps/Population_Total.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173623/http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doit/general/GIS/Chicago_Maps/Census_Maps/Population_Total.pdf |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |url-status=live |work=City of Chicago |access-date=August 21, 2013}}</ref> The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the [[Mexican American]] neighborhoods, such as [[Pilsen, Chicago|Pilsen]] along 18th street, and ''La Villita'' along 26th Street; the [[Puerto Ricans in Chicago|Puerto Rican]] enclave of [[Paseo Boricua]] in the [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]] neighborhood; [[Greektown, Chicago|Greektown]], along South [[Halsted Street]], immediately west of downtown;<ref>{{cite web |last=Zeldes |first=Leah A. |title=Opaa! Chicago Taste of Greece flies this weekend |work=Dining Chicago |publisher=Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. |date=August 27, 2009 |url=http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/08/27/chicago-taste-of-greece-flies-this-weekend/ |access-date = September 14, 2013 |archive-date = May 24, 2016 |archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160524005447/http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/08/27/chicago-taste-of-greece-flies-this-weekend/ |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Little Italy, Chicago|Little Italy]], along Taylor Street; [[Chinatown, Chicago|Chinatown]] in [[Armour Square, Chicago|Armour Square]]; [[Polish Patches]] in [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]]; [[Koreatown#Chicago, Illinois|Little Seoul]] in [[Albany Park, Chicago|Albany Park]] around Lawrence Avenue; [[Little Vietnam, Chicago|Little Vietnam]] near [[Broadway (Chicago)|Broadway]] in Uptown; and the [[Desi]] area, along [[Devon Avenue (Chicago)|Devon Avenue]] in [[West Ridge, Chicago|West Ridge]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic Dining in Chicago |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006020445.html |work=[[Frommers]] |access-date=September 14, 2013 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000940/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006020445.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the [[Near North Side, Chicago|Near North Side]], the [[Near South Side, Chicago|Near South Side]], and the [[West Loop|Near West Side]], as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous [[List of tallest buildings in Chicago|skyscrapers]], abundant restaurants, [[Magnificent Mile|shopping]], [[Museum Campus|museums]], a [[Soldier Field|stadium]] for the [[Chicago Bears]], convention facilities, [[List of Chicago parks|parkland]], and [[Beaches in Chicago|beaches]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} [[File:ChicagoJazzClubAndys.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Andy's Jazz Club]] in River North, a staple of the Chicago jazz scene since the 1950s]] Lincoln Park contains the [[Lincoln Park Zoo]] and the [[Lincoln Park Conservatory]]. The [[River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago|River North Gallery District]] features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} [[Lake View, Chicago|Lakeview]] is home to [[Boystown, Chicago|Boystown]], the city's large [[LGBT]] nightlife and culture center. The [[Chicago Pride Parade]], held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2019/06/28/chicago-pride-parade |title=How Chicago's Pride Parade Grew from a Small March to a Big Event |date=June 28, 2019 |website=WTTW Chicago |language=en-US |access-date=October 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609093009/https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2019/06/28/chicago-pride-parade |url-status=live }}</ref> North [[Halsted Street]] is the main thoroughfare of Boystown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peregrin |first1=Tony |title=Instagreeter Program Launches in Boystown |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/redeye/ct-redeye-xpm-2012-04-25-31356727-story.html |access-date=April 1, 2019 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=April 25, 2012 |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172429/https://www.chicagotribune.com/redeye/ct-redeye-xpm-2012-04-25-31356727-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The South Side neighborhood of [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]] is the home of former U.S. President [[Barack Obama]]. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,<ref>{{cite web |title=The World University Rankings |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/institution/university-of-chicago |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |access-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529203500/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/institution/university-of-chicago |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]]. The {{convert|6|mi|adj=on}} long [[Burnham Park (Chicago)|Burnham Park]] stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits [[Washington Park (Chicago park)|Washington Park]]. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the [[Midway Plaisance]], running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American [[Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic]], which travels through [[Bronzeville, Chicago|Bronzeville]] to Washington Park. [[Ford Motor Company]] has an [[Chicago Assembly|automobile assembly plant]] on the South Side in [[Hegewisch, Chicago|Hegewisch]], and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The West Side holds the [[Garfield Park Conservatory]], one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include [[Humboldt Park (Chicago park)|Humboldt Park]]'s [[Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture]] and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the [[National Museum of Mexican Art]] and [[St. Adalbert's in Chicago|St. Adalbert's Church]] in [[Pilsen, Chicago|Pilsen]]. The Near West Side holds the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] and was once home to [[Oprah Winfrey]]'s [[Harpo Studios]], the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like ''[[The Blues Brothers (film)|The Blues Brothers]]'' and television programs like the ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' skit "[[Bill Swerski's Superfans]]", is an advanced form of [[Inland Northern American English]]. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such as [[Cleveland]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Detroit]], and [[Rochester, New York]], and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as the [[Phonological history of English short A|short 'a']] sound as in "cat," which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.<ref>Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology". Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC& A Handbook of Varieties of English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC& |date=July 9, 2023 }}''. Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 297.</ref> ===Entertainment and the arts {{anchor|Entertainment, the arts, and performing arts}}=== {{Further|Theater in Chicago|Visual arts of Chicago|Music of Chicago}} {{see also|List of theaters in Chicago}} [[File:Chicago Theatre blend.jpg|thumb|The [[Chicago Theatre]]]] [[File:Gateway Theatre (Chicago).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The spire of the [[Copernicus Center (Chicago, Illinois)|Copernicus Center]] is modeled on the [[Royal Castle in Warsaw|Royal Castle]] in [[Warsaw]].]] Renowned Chicago theater companies include the [[Goodman Theatre]] in the Loop; the [[Steppenwolf Theatre Company]] and [[Victory Gardens Theater]] in Lincoln Park; and the [[Chicago Shakespeare Theater]] at Navy Pier. [[Broadway In Chicago]] offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the [[Nederlander Theatre (Chicago)|Nederlander Theatre]], [[CIBC Theatre]], [[Cadillac Palace Theatre]], [[Auditorium Building]] of [[Roosevelt University]], and [[Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place]]. [[Polish language]] productions for [[Poles in Chicago|Chicago's large Polish speaking population]] can be seen at the historic [[Gateway Theatre (Chicago)|Gateway Theatre]] in [[Jefferson Park, Chicago|Jefferson Park]]. Since 1968, the [[Joseph Jefferson Award]]s are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern [[improvisational theater]], and includes the prominent groups [[The Second City]] and [[IO Theater|I.O.]] (formerly ImprovOlympic).{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] (CSO) performs at [[Symphony Center]], and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97291390 |title=Chicago Symphony Tops U.S. Orchestras |first=Tom |last=Huizenga |work=NPR |date=November 21, 2008 |access-date=December 31, 2008 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111319/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97291390 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also performing regularly at [[Symphony Center]] is the [[Chicago Sinfonietta]], a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and [[Millennium Park]]. [[Ravinia Festival]], located {{convert|25|mi|km|0}} north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The [[Civic Opera House (Chicago)|Civic Opera House]] is home to the [[Lyric Opera of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyric Opera House history |url=https://www.lyricopera.org/about/history/lyric-opera-house-history/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.lyricopera.org |language=en}}</ref> The [[Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago]] was founded by [[Lithuanians in the Chicago area|Lithuanian Chicagoans]] in 1956,<ref name="lithopera">{{cite web |url = http://www.lithoperachicago.org/ |title = About the Lithuanian Opera Company, Inc. in Chicago |access-date = September 14, 2006 |publisher = Lithuanian Opera Co. |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051221183321/http://lithoperachicago.org/index.html |archive-date = December 21, 2005}}</ref> and presents operas in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]. The [[Joffrey Ballet]] and [[Chicago Festival Ballet]] perform in various venues, including the [[Harris Theater (Chicago, Illinois)|Harris Theater]] in [[Millennium Park]]. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the [[Hubbard Street Dance Chicago]] and [[Chicago Dance Crash]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} [[File:Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-20, DD 09.jpg|thumb|[[Jay Pritzker Pavilion]] at night]] Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include [[Chicago blues]], [[Chicago soul]], [[jazz]], and [[gospel music|gospel]]. The city is the birthplace of [[house music]] (a popular form of electronic dance music) and [[industrial music]], and is the site of an influential [[Chicago hip hop|hip hop scene]]. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular for [[alternative rock]], [[punk rock|punk]], and [[New wave music|new wave]]. The city has been a center for [[rave]] culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago [[independent music|indie]]. [[List of festivals in Chicago|Annual festivals]] feature various acts, such as [[Lollapalooza]] and the [[Pitchfork Music Festival]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lollapalooza {{!}} History & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Lollapalooza |access-date=October 13, 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013002415/https://www.britannica.com/art/Lollapalooza |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the [[Harris School of Public Policy Studies|University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center]] ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://74.220.219.62/~natkinne/chicago-music.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/chicagomusiccity_summary1.pdf |title=Chicago Music City: A Summary Report on the Music Industry in Chicago |author1=Lawrence Rothfield |author2=Don Coursey |author3=Sarah Lee |author4=Daniel Silver |author5=Wendy Norri |work=The Cultural Policy Center at the University of Chicago |date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116022404/http://74.220.219.62/~natkinne/chicago-music.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/chicagomusiccity_summary1.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chicago has a distinctive [[fine art]] tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative [[surrealism]], as in the works of [[Ivan Albright]] and [[Ed Paschke]]. In 1968 and 1969, members of the [[Chicago Imagists]], such as [[Roger Brown (artist)|Roger Brown]], [[Leon Golub]], [[Robert Lostutter]], [[Jim Nutt]], and [[Barbara Rossi (artist)|Barbara Rossi]] produced bizarre representational paintings. [[Henry Darger]] is one of the most celebrated figures of [[outsider art]].<ref name="June Skinner Sawyers">{{cite book|author=June Skinner Sawyers|title=Chicago Portraits New Edition|year=2012|publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-2649-7|pages=84}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Chicago}} {{see also|List of beaches in Chicago}} [[File: Chicago River Morning (44455011711).jpg|thumb|Ferries offer sightseeing tours and water-taxi transportation along the Chicago River and Lake Michigan.]] {{As of|2014|alt=In 2014}}, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.<ref name="visitors">{{cite web |title=2014 Chicago Tourism Profile |url=http://www.choosechicago.com/includes/content/docs/media/Chicago-Visitation-Annual-2014-6.20.15-.pdf |publisher=Choose Chicago |year=2015 |access-date=June 10, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116012209/http://www.choosechicago.com/includes/content/docs/media/Chicago-Visitation-Annual-2014-6.20.15-.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref> These visitors contributed more than {{US$|13.7}} billion to Chicago's economy.<ref name="visitors"/> Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest [[convention (meeting)|convention]] destination. A 2017 study by [[Walk Score]] ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/ |title=2017 City and Neighborhood Rankings |year=2017 |publisher=Walk Score |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131231927/https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of [[Soldier Field]]. Navy Pier, located just east of [[Streeterville]], is {{convert|3000|ft|abbr=on}} long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skydeck Chicago at Willis Tower |url=https://theskydeck.com/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=Skydeck Chicago |language=en-US |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121203121/https://theskydeck.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Museums === {{further|List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago}} [[File:Navy Pier 1190x1585.jpg|thumb|upright|Aerial view of [[Navy Pier]] at night]] Among the city's museums are the [[Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum]], the [[Field Museum of Natural History]], and the [[Shedd Aquarium]]. The [[Museum Campus]] joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago's [[Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa]] has an extensive collection of [[ancient Egypt]]ian and [[Near East]]ern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the [[Chicago History Museum]], the [[Driehaus Museum]], the [[DuSable Museum of African American History]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum]], the [[Polish Museum of America]], the [[Museum of Broadcast Communications]], the [[Pritzker Military Library]], the [[Chicago Architecture Foundation]], and the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} ===Cuisine=== {{See also|Culture of Chicago#Food and drink|Chicago farmers' markets|List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago}} [[File:Giordanos stuffed pizza.jpg|thumb|[[Chicago-style pizza|Chicago-style deep-dish pizza]]]] Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned [[Chicago-style pizza|deep-dish pizza]]; this style is said to have originated at [[Uno Chicago Grill|Pizzeria Uno]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bendersky |first=Ari |title=Chicago's Deep Dish History: It All Started With Uno's |url=http://chicago.eater.com/archives/2012/05/08/chicagos-deep-dish-history-the-beginning.php |work=Eater.com |date=May 8, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722101232/http://chicago.eater.com/archives/2012/05/08/chicagos-deep-dish-history-the-beginning.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fischer, MD |first=Stuart J. |title=Chicago: Landmarks, Pizza, Politics, and Jazz |url=http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2013/AAOS16_3_20.asp |work=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402141408/http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2013/AAOS16_3_20.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Certain Chicago pizza favorites include [[Lou Malnati's]] and [[Giordano's]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The pizza bible : the world's favorite pizza styles, from Neapolitan, deep-dish, wood-fired, Sicilian, calzones and focaccia to New York, New Haven, Detroit, and more |last=Gemignani, Tony. |isbn=978-1-60774-605-8 |edition=First |oclc=879642419 |year=2014|publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed }}</ref> The [[Chicago-style hot dog]], typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish, [[Mustard (condiment)#Yellow mustard|yellow mustard]], pickled [[Chili pepper|sport peppers]], [[tomato]] wedges, [[dill pickle]] spear and topped off with [[celery salt]] on a [[poppy seed]] [[hot dog bun|bun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,1977,FOOD_9936_8208,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030415193753/http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0%2C1977%2CFOOD_9936_8208%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 15, 2003 |title=Classic Chicago Hot Dog |year=1999 |access-date=September 3, 2007 |work=Emril Lagasse}}</ref> Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use of [[ketchup]] as a garnish, but may prefer to add [[giardiniera]].<ref name="Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog">{{cite web |url=http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26 |title=Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815101621/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26 |archive-date=August 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Slow Food guide to Chicago: Restaurants, markets, bars |last=Gibson |first=Kelly |author2=Portia Belloc Lowndes |year=2008 |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |isbn=978-1-931498-61-6 |page=384 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238 |quote=no self-respecting Chicagoan would think of using ketchup as a condiment ... |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Fodor's Chicago 2010 |last=Fodor's |year=2009 |publisher=Fodor's |isbn=978-1-4000-0860-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fodorschicago20100fodo/page/n353 352] |url=https://archive.org/details/fodorschicago20100fodo |url-access=registration |quote=Make sure to never add ketchup to your Chicago-style hot dog: a major no-no among hot dog aficionados. |access-date=February 18, 2010}}</ref> [[File:Polish Market in Chicago.jpeg|thumb|A [[Poles in Chicago|Polish]] market in Chicago]] A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the [[Italian beef]] sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in [[au jus]] and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The [[Maxwell Street Polish]] is a grilled or deep-fried [[kielbasa]]—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.<ref name="sandwich">{{cite web |last=Zeldes |first=Leah A. |title=City of the big sandwiches: Four uncommon Chicago meals on a bun |work=Dining Chicago |publisher=Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. |date=January 22, 2010 |url=http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/01/22/city-of-the-big-sandwiches-four-uncommon-chicago-meals-on-a-bun/ |access-date = June 16, 2010 |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511175141/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/01/22/city-of-the-big-sandwiches-four-uncommon-chicago-meals-on-a-bun/ |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Chicken Vesuvio]] is roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. The [[Cuisine of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]-influenced [[jibarito]] is a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. The [[Mother-in-law (sandwich)|mother-in-law]] is a [[tamale]] topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sula |first=Mike |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/restaurants/080515/ |title=Omnivorous: On the Trail of the Delta Tamale |work=Chicago Reader |date=December 26, 1996 |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505235318/http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/restaurants/080515/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tradition of serving the [[Greek cuisine|Greek]] dish [[saganaki]] while aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theparthenon.com/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020608155056/http://theparthenon.com/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 8, 2002 |title=History |publisher=The Parthenon |access-date=May 30, 2011}}</ref> The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with [[Metaxa]] and [[flambéed]] table-side.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Leah A |last=Zeldes |title=How to Eat Like a Chicagoan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001023605/http://www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13 |url=http://www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13 |archive-date=October 1, 2002 |work=Chicago's Restaurant Guide |date=September 30, 2002 |access-date=September 30, 2002}}</ref> [[Chicago-style barbecue]] features hardwood smoked [[rib tips]] and [[hot links]] which were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Don't forget South Side barbecue in Chicago as Texas-style ascends |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-food-chicago-style-barbecue-texas-qs-tips-and-links-20220926-bc6dwbv6nzhp3pkm367pmn63ca-story.html |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> [[List of festivals in Chicago|Annual festivals]] feature various Chicago signature dishes, such as [[Taste of Chicago]] and the Chicago Food Truck Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Marcella |last=Raymond |title=Weekend festival celebrates food trucks in Chicago |url=https://wgntv.com/news/trending/weekend-festival-celebrates-food-trucks-in-chicago |date=June 22, 2019 |work=Chicago's Very Own WGN 9 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621061542/https://wgntv.com/news/trending/weekend-festival-celebrates-food-trucks-in-chicago/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three [[Michelin Guide|Michelin]] stars, [[Alinea (restaurant)|Alinea]] is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: [[Charlie Trotter]], [[Rick Tramonto]], [[Grant Achatz]], and [[Rick Bayless]]. In 2003, ''[[Robb Report]]'' named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".<ref>{{cite web |title=Robb Report Editors Name Chicago As Country's Finest Dining Destination |url=http://robbreport.com.sg/News-and-Press/Robb-Report-Editors-Name-Chicago-As-Countrys-Finest-Dining-Destination |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107032639/http://robbreport.com.sg/News-and-Press/Robb-Report-Editors-Name-Chicago-As-Countrys-Finest-Dining-Destination |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |work=[[Robb Report]]}}</ref> ===Literature=== {{Further|Chicago literature}} [[File:Carl Sandburg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Carl Sandburg]]'s most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World / Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat / Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler, / Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."]] Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of [[social realism]]. In the ''[[Encyclopedia of Chicago]]'', [[Northwestern University]] Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html |title=Fiction |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118043823/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/755.html |title=Literary Cultures |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011210402/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/755.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1390.html |title=Literary Images of Chicago |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008200636/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1390.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in the [[history of Chicago]] have had a lasting influence on [[American literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html |title=Chicago Literary Renaissance |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921183952/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the [[Great Depression]] through the 1940s. What would become the influential ''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'' magazine was founded in 1912 by [[Harriet Monroe]], who was working as an [[art]] [[critic]] for the ''Chicago Tribune''. The magazine discovered such poets as [[Gwendolyn Brooks]], [[James Merrill]], and [[John Ashbery]].<ref name="ny">Goodyear, Dana, [https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_fact_goodyear "The Moneyed Muse: What can two hundred million dollars do for poetry?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630105939/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_fact_goodyear |date=June 30, 2014 }}, article, ''[[The New Yorker]]'', February 19 and 26 double issue, 2007</ref> [[T. S. Eliot]]'s first professionally published poem, "[[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock]]", was first published by ''Poetry''. Contributors have included [[Ezra Pound]], [[William Butler Yeats]], [[William Carlos Williams]], [[Langston Hughes]], and [[Carl Sandburg]], among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the [[Imagist]] and [[Objectivist poets|Objectivist]] poetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271 |title=Encyclopedia of the New York School Poets |last=Diggory |first=Terence |date=April 22, 2015 |publisher=Infobase Learning |isbn=978-1-4381-4066-7 |language=en |access-date=April 20, 2018 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112921/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, the [[poetry slam]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRG1XpKfemwC&pg=PA255 |title=Hearts and Hands: Creating Community in Violent Times |last=Rodriguez |first=Luis |date=January 4, 2011 |publisher=Seven Stories Press |isbn=978-1-60980-057-4 |language=en |access-date=April 20, 2018 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRG1XpKfemwC&pg=PA255 |url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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