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Do not fill this in! == Economy == {{Main|Economy of Argentina}} {{See also|Industry in Argentina|Argentine foreign trade}} [[File:Paseo_del_Bajo,_Retiro.jpg|thumb|The [[Catalinas Norte]] business complex in [[Buenos Aires Central Business District|Buenos Aires CBD]]]] Benefiting from rich [[natural resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest,<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> and the second-largest in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina was one of the richest countries in the world, on the 20th century in 1913 it was one of the wealthiest countries in the world by GDP per capita<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent - ABC News |url=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has a [[List of countries by Human Development Index|"very high"]] rating on the Human Development Index<ref name="UNHDR" /> and ranks 66th by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> with a considerable [[Single market|internal market]] size and a growing share of the high-tech sector. As a [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]] and one of the world's top developing nations, it is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]].<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[Vineyard]] in [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]]. Argentina is the [[List of wine-producing regions|sixth-largest producer of wine]].<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] Argentina is the largest producer in the world of [[yerba mate]] (due to the large domestic consumption of [[Mate (drink)|mate]]), one of the five largest producers in the world of [[soybeans]], [[maize]], [[sunflower seed]], [[lemon]] and [[pear]], one of the ten largest producers in the world of [[barley]], [[grape]], [[artichoke]], [[tobacco]] and [[cotton]], and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of [[wheat]], [[sugarcane]], [[sorghum]] and [[grapefruit]]. It is the largest producer in South America of wheat, sunflower seed, barley, lemon and pear.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[wine]], Argentina is usually among the ten largest producers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> Argentina is also a traditional meat exporter, having been, in 2019, the 4th world producer of [[beef]], with a production of 3 million tons (only behind US, Brazil and China), the 4th world producer of [[honey]], and the 10th world producer of [[wool]], in addition to other relevant productions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] is a [[gold]] mine located in the [[San Juan Province, Argentina|San Juan Province]].]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[Fiat]] factory in [[Córdoba, Argentina]]]] The [[mining industry]] of Argentina is not as relevant as that of other countries. It stands out for being the fourth-largest producer of [[lithium]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 9th of [[silver]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and 17th of [[gold]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> worldwide (based on 2019 data). The country stands out in the production of [[natural gas]], being the largest producer in South America and the 18th-largest in the world, and has an average annual production close to 500 thousand barrels/day of [[petroleum]], even with the under-utilization of the Vaca Muerta field, due to the country's technical and financial inability to extract these resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nacionalismo do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}}, [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest sector in the nation's economy.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.<ref name=infoeco1 /> With a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in 2011}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> the diversified manufacturing sector rests on a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> {{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather; [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print media.<ref name=infoeco1 /> In addition, Argentina has since long been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.<ref name=infoeco1 /> High [[inflation]]—a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades—has become a trouble once again,<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> with an annual rate of 24.8% in 2017.<ref name="Official INDEC consumer price index figures (Spanish)">{{cite web|url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/ipc_01_18.pdf|title=Indice de precios al consumidor|publisher=INDEC|language=es|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160200/https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/ipc_01_18.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2023 the inflation reached 102.5% among the highest inflation rates in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Argentina inflation soars past 100% mark |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64960385 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417111639/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64960385 |url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 43% of the Argentina's population lives below the poverty line as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> To deter it and support the peso, the government imposed foreign currency control.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Income distribution]], having improved since 2002, is classified as "medium", although it is still considerably unequal.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2024, Argentina's poverty rate reached 57.4%, the highest poverty rate in the country since 2004.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024}}</ref> Argentina ranks 85th out of 180 countries in the [[Transparency International]]'s 2017 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> an improvement of 22 positions over its 2014 rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina settled its long-standing debt default crisis in 2016 with the so-called [[vulture funds]] after the election of Mauricio Macri, allowing Argentina to enter capital markets for the first time in a decade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> The government of Argentina defaulted on 22 May 2020 by failing to pay a $500 million bill by its due date to its creditors. Negotiations for the restructuring of $66 billion of its debt continue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Argentina}} The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of international tourist arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin America]] after Mexico.<ref name=UNWTO2014>{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427093655/http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |archive-date=27 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion in 2012.<ref name=UNWTO2014 /> The country's capital city, [[Buenos Aires]], is the most visited city in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos |title=México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos |publisher=Infobae América |language=es |date=June 2011 |access-date=19 December 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> There are 30 [[National Parks of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina|World Heritage Sites]]. {{wide image|Panorama_from_Cerro_Campanario_-_Bariloche_-_panoramio.jpg|1700|Panorama of the [[Nahuel Huapi National Park]] and the [[Nahuel Huapi Lake]] from Cerro Campanario, [[Bariloche]]}} === Transport === {{Main|Transport in Argentina}} [[File:Autopista Rosario - Córdoba km 365 hacia el Este.JPG|thumb|Stretch of [[National Route 9 (Argentina)|National Route 9]] between [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] and [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]]]] [[File:Mar_del_plata_station_1.jpg|thumb|A [[Trenes Argentinos]] [[CNR CKD8G]] at [[Mar del Plata railway and bus station|Mar del Plata railway station]]]] {{As of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia, and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina – Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2021, the country had about {{convert|2800|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[Dual carriageway|duplicated highways]], most leaving the capital [[Buenos Aires]], linking it with cities like [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] and [[Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]], [[Santa Fe (Argentina)|Santa Fe]], [[Mar del Plata]] and [[Paso de los Libres]] (in border with Brazil), there are also duplicated highways leaving from [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] towards the capital, and between Córdoba and Santa Fé, among other locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-100-objetivos-de-macri-hasta-2019-de-la-inflacion-al-5-a-los-2800-kilometros-nuevos-de-autopistas-nid1967275/ |title=The 100 goals of Macri until 2019: from inflation at 5% to 2800 kilometers of new highways |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427054419/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-100-objetivos-de-macri-hasta-2019-de-la-inflacion-al-5-a-los-2800-kilometros-nuevos-de-autopistas-nid1967275/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the railway system.<ref name=eotn1 /> Argentina has the largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}}, out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina – Railways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos Aires City, and connects with all neighbouring countries.<ref name=eotn1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina – Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]] in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through Buenos Aires.<ref name=eotn1 /> The system has been in decline since the 1940s: regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973.<ref name=eotn1 /> However, in recent years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the state, in both commuter rail lines and long-distance lines, renewing rolling stock and infrastructure.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326034816/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km |date=26 March 2015}} – La Nacion, 09, February 2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/ Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314230122/http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/ |date=14 March 2015}} – EnElSubte, 09, March 2015</ref> In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos]] (2015), effectively re-nationalising the country's railways, a move which saw support from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520040405/http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html |date=20 May 2015}} – Pagina/12, 16 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416183104/http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/ |date=16 April 2015}} – EnElSubte, 15 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php |date=16 April 2015}} – Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015</ref> {{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina – Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> mostly comprising the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Zárate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]] and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s. Some of the largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]–[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]], Bahía Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequén]]–[[Necochea]], [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and [[San Antonio Oeste]]. Buenos Aires has historically been the most important port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant: stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} accounted for 50% of all exports. {{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were 161 airports with paved runways<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina – Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> out of more than a thousand.<ref name=eotn1 /> The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport|Cataratas del Iguazú]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El Plumerillo]] in Mendoza.<ref name=eotn1 /> [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24–25}} === Energy === {{Main|Electricity sector in Argentina}} [[File:Central_Nuclear_Atucha_I_-_II.JPG|thumb|[[Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant in [[Latin America]].<ref>[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf Brittle Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402203813/http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf |date=2 April 2016}}, p. 144.</ref>]] In 2020, more than 60% of Argentina's electricity came from non-renewable sources such as natural gas, oil and coal. 27% came from [[hydropower]], 7.3% from wind and solar energy and 4.4% from nuclear energy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/energia/planeamiento-energetico/panel-de-indicadores/potencia-instalada |title=Potencia Instalada Energía Eléctrica |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901173152/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/energia/planeamiento-energetico/panel-de-indicadores/potencia-instalada |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 21st country in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW), the 26th country in the world in terms of installed wind energy (3.2 GW) and the 43rd country in the world in terms of installed solar energy (1.0 GW).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |work=IRENA |title=RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The wind potential of the Patagonia region is considered gigantic, with estimates that the area could provide enough electricity to sustain the consumption of a country like Brazil alone. However, Argentina has infrastructural deficiencies to carry out the transmission of electricity from uninhabited areas with a lot of wind to the great centers of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI307062-18537,00-ARGENTINA+INVESTE+BILHOES+PARA+TRANSFORMAR+VENTOS+DA+PATAGONIA+EM+ENERGIA.html |title=Argentina investe bilhões para transformar ventos da patagônia em energia |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427053525/https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI307062-18537,00-ARGENTINA+INVESTE+BILHOES+PARA+TRANSFORMAR+VENTOS+DA+PATAGONIA+EM+ENERGIA.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine-built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine-built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]], finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha II]] reactor a 40%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php |title= Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino| language= es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php |archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Argentina}} [[File:Leloir festejando.jpg|thumb|left|[[Luis Federico Leloir]] (''left'') and his staff toast his 1970 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].]] Argentines have received three [[Nobel Prize]]s in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American recipient, discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating [[glucose]] in animals, and shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1947. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s, receiving the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1970. [[César Milstein]] did extensive research in [[antibody|antibodies]], sharing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. Argentine research has led to treatments for [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] that was successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. [[René Favaloro]] developed the techniques and performed the world's first [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary bypass surgery]]. Argentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]]. This reliance on the development of its own nuclear-related technologies, instead of buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title= Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation|author= Argüello, Irma|date= 8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace|access-date= 9 June 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024231402/http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|archive-date= 24 October 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183124/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and is highly committed to global nuclear security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |url-status = dead|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:SAOCOM_1A_-_sala_de_integración_-_CEATSA_-_072018_-22_0.jpg|thumb|[[SAOCOM 1A]] inside the facilities of [[CEATSA]]]] Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]] as well as [[René Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]], an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]]. Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine-built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language=es |publisher=Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial |access-date=24 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117023136/http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |archive-date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and those developed by [[CONAE]], the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |title='Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.<ref name=science>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar</ref> Established in 1991, the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite Missions |publisher=CONAE |access-date=25 October 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |archive-date= 4 February 2009}}</ref> in June 2009, secured an agreement with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]], the world's foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre Auger Observatory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock<ref>[http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173400/http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 |date=3 March 2016}}. Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.</ref> Argentina was ranked 73rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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