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Do not fill this in! === Etymology === [[File:Word for Wine in European languages.svg|thumb|Map showing the words for wine in European languages]] {{Contains special characters |section=section|special=[[Linear B Syllabary|Linear B Unicode characters]] |fix= Help:Multilingual_support#Linear B |characters=Linear B}} The English word "wine" comes from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*winam'', an early borrowing from the [[Latin]] ''vinum'', [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ''ღვინო'' (''ghvee-no''), "wine", itself derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] stem *''win-o-'' (cf. {{lang-hy|գինի}}, ''[[wikt:գինի|gini]]''; [[Ancient Greek]]: {{lang|grc|οἶνος}} ''oinos''; [[Aeolic Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[digamma|ϝ]]οῖνος}} ''woinos''; [[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''wiyana''; [[Lycian language|Lycian]]: ''oino'').<ref>{{OEtymD|wine}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Whiter |first=Walter |encyclopedia=Etymologicon Magnum, Or Universal Etymological Dictionary, on a New Plan |title=Wine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRPVgBfSrdMC&q=foinos+wine&pg=PA145 |access-date=25 June 2008 |year=1800 |publisher=Francis Hodson |pages=145}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|oi){{=}}nos1|οἶνος|ref}}.</ref> The earliest attested terms referring to wine are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|𐀕𐀶𐀺𐄀𐀚𐀺}} ''me-tu-wo ne-wo'' (*{{lang|grc|μέθυϝος νέϝῳ}}),<ref>Found on the [[Pylos|PY]] Fr 1202 tablet.</ref><ref>[[Cf.]] {{LSJ|me/qu^|μέθυ|shortref}}.</ref> meaning "in (the month)" or "(festival) of the new wine", and {{lang|gmy|𐀺𐀜𐀷𐀴𐀯}} ''wo-no-wa-ti-si'',<ref>Found on the PY Vn 48 and PY Xa 1419 tablets.</ref> meaning "wine garden", written in [[Linear B]] inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651|title=Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture|publisher=Dartmouth College|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627172549/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=T.G. |last=Palaima |url=http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |title=The Last days of Pylos Polity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516070021/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |publisher=Université de Liège}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James C. |editor-last=Wright |title=The Mycenaean feast |publisher=American School of Classical Studies |date=2004 |isbn=9780876619513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ6vBrYKPnMC&dq=me-tu-wo-ne-wo&pg=PA203 |via=Google books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palaeolexicon - The Linear B word wo-no-wa-ti-si |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/16682 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.palaeolexicon.com}}</ref> Linear B also includes, inter alia, an [[ideogram]] for wine, i.e. {{lang|gmy|𐂖}}. The ultimate Indo-European origin of the word is the subject of some continued debate. Some scholars have noted the similarities between the words for wine in [[Indo-European languages]] (e.g. Armenian ''[[wikt:գինի|gini]]'', Latin ''vinum'', Ancient Greek οἶνος, [[Russian language|Russian]] вино {{IPA-ru|vʲɪˈno|}}), [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] (e.g. [[Georgian language|Georgian]] [[wikt:ღვინო|ღვინო]] {{IPA-ka|ˈɣvino|}}), and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] (''*wayn''; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] יין {{IPA-he|jajin|}}), pointing to the possibility of a common origin of the word denoting "wine" in these language families.<ref>{{cite book |first=Benjamin W. |last=Fortson IV |title=Indo-European Language and Culture, an introduction |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2010 |page=42 |isbn=9781405188968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kn5c5dJmNUC&q=wine |via=Google books}}</ref> The Georgian word goes back to [[Proto-Kartvelian]] *''ɣwino''-,<ref name="klimov">{{cite book |last=Klimov |first=Georgij |date=1998 |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1ryOyFPFkC |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=227 |isbn=978-3-11-015658-4 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> which is either a borrowing from [[Proto-Indo-European]]<ref name="klimov" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gamkrelidze|first1=Thomas V.|last2=Ivanov|first2=Vjačeslav V.|title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture|publisher=Mouton De Gruyter|location=Berlin/New York|date=1994|isbn=3-11-009646-3}}</ref><ref name="s1">{{Cite book |last=Whitehead |first=Benedicte Nielsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm2SugMy8C0C&dq=%C9%A3wino&pg=PA505 |title=The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics |date=2012 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-3838-1 |pages=505 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Asya Pereltsvaig |last1=Pereltsvaig |first1=Asya |first2=Martin W. |last2=Lewis |date=2015 |title=The Indo-European Controversy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=193–195}}</ref><ref name="as1">{{cite book |last=Arbeitman |first=Yoël |date=2000 |title=The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter |publisher=Peeters Publishers}}</ref><ref name="an1">{{cite book |last=Siewierska |first=Anna |date=1998 |title=Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2023}} or the lexeme was specifically borrowed from [[Proto-Armenian]] *''ɣʷeinyo''-, whence Armenian ''gini''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martirosyan|first=Hrach|author-link=Hrach Martirosyan|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart/page/n227 214]|isbn=9789004173378}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adjarian|first=Hrachia|title=Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]|publisher=Yerevan State University|location=Yerevan|page=559|volume=I|url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|language=hy|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226011243/http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Starostin|first=Sergei|title=Kartvelian Etymology database|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095237/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Robert S. P.|last=Beekes|author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes|year=2010|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|location=Leiden, Boston|publisher=Brill|page=1059|volume=II|series=Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, volume 10|others=with the assistance of Lucien van Beek}}</ref><ref name="klimov" />{{verification needed|date=December 2023}} An alternate hypothesis by Fähnrich supposes *''ɣwino''-, a native Kartvelian word derived from the verbal root *''ɣun''- ('to bend').<ref>{{cite book|last=Fähnrich|first=Heinz|title=Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch|url=https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr/page/n485 486]|isbn=9789004161092|language=de}}</ref> See [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-|*''ɣwino''-]] for more. All these theories place the origin of the word in the same geographical location, South Caucasus, that has been established based on archeological and biomolecular studies as the origin of viticulture. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page