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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text== Authorship == {{Bible sidebar |TM}} The Vulgate has a compound text that is not entirely Jerome's work.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|last=Plater|first=William Edward|author2=Henry Julian White|title=A grammar of the Vulgate, being an introduction to the study of the latinity of the Vulgate Bible|location=Oxford|year=1926}}</ref> Jerome's translation of the four Gospels are revisions of ''[[Vetus Latina]]'' translations he did while having the Greek as reference.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="Houghton 2016 41" /> The Latin translations of the rest of the [[New Testament]] are revisions to the ''Vetus Latina'', considered as being made by [[Pelagian]] circles or by [[Rufinus the Syrian]], or by [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus of Aquileia]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=89–90, 217|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible}}</ref><ref name="Scherbenske 2013 183" /><ref name=":42" /> Several unrevised books of the ''Vetus Latina'' Old Testament also commonly became included in the Vulgate. These are: [[1 Maccabees|1]] and [[2 Maccabees]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], [[Sirach|Ecclesiasticus]], [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]] and the [[Letter of Jeremiah]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=217|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible|chapter=Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate|trans-chapter=Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate}}</ref><ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342" /> Having separately translated the book of [[Psalms]] from the Greek ''[[Hexapla]] Septuagint'', Jerome translated all of the books of the [[Jewish Bible]]—the Hebrew book of Psalms included—from Hebrew himself. He also translated the books of [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] and [[Book of Judith|Judith]] from [[Aramaic]] versions, the [[additions to the Book of Esther]] from the ''Common Septuagint'' and the [[additions to the Book of Daniel]] from the Greek of [[Theodotion]].<ref name=":034">{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=213, 217|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible|chapter=Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate|trans-chapter=Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate}}</ref> === Content === The Vulgate is "a composite collection which cannot be identified with only Jerome's work," because the Vulgate contains ''[[Vetus Latina]]'' which are independent from Jerome's work.<ref name=":03" /> The [[Alcuin]]ian ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandects]]'' contain:<ref name=":03" /> * ''Revision of Vetus Latina'' by Jerome: the [[Four Gospels|Gospels]], corrected with reference to the [[New Testament manuscript|Greek manuscripts]] which Jerome considered the best available.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=John|year=1922|title=St Jerome and the Vulgate New Testament (I–II)|journal=[[The Journal of Theological Studies]]|series=o.s.|volume=24|issue=93|pages=33–51|doi=10.1093/jts/os-XXIV.93.33|issn=0022-5185}} {{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=John|year=1923|title=St Jerome and the Vulgate New Testament (III)|journal=The Journal of Theological Studies|series=o.s.|volume=24|issue=95|pages=282–299|doi=10.1093/jts/os-XXIV.95.282|issn=0022-5185}}</ref><ref name=":03" /> *''Translation from the Hebrew'' by Jerome: all the books from the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew canon]] except the [[Book of Psalms]].<ref name=":03" /> *''Translation from the [[Hexapla|Hexaplar Septuagint]]'' by Jerome: his [[Latin Psalters#Versio Gallicana|Gallican version]] of the Book of Psalms.<ref name=":02" /> * ''Translation from [[Aramaic]]'' by Jerome: the book of [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] and the book of [[Book of Judith|Judith]].<ref name=":03" /> * ''Translation from the Greek of [[Theodotion]]'' by Jerome: the three additions to the [[Book of Daniel]]: the [[The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children|Song of the Three Children]], the [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)|Story of Susanna]], and the [[Bel and the Dragon|Story of Bel and the Dragon]]. Jerome marked these additions with an [[obelus]] before them to distinguish them from the rest of the text.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=132–133, 217|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible}}</ref> He says that because those parts "are spread throughout the whole world, [we] have appended by banishing and placing them after the spit (or "obelus"), so we will not be seen among the unlearned to have cut off a large part of the scroll."<ref name=":1" /> * ''Translation from the [[Septuagint|Common Septuagint]]'' by Jerome: the [[Book of Esther#Additions to Esther|Additions to Esther]]. Jerome gathered all these additions together at the end of the Book of Esther, marking them with an obelus.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=133–134, 217|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible|chapter=Introduction : Révision et retourn à l'''Hebraica veritas''|trans-chapter=Introduction: Revision and return to ''Hebraica veritas''}}</ref> * ''Revision of Vetus Latina'' by [[Pelagian]] groups or by [[Rufinus the Syrian]], or by [[Rufinus of Aquileia]]: [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], [[Pauline epistles]], [[Catholic epistles]], and the [[Book of Revelation|Apocalypse]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|pages=36, 41}}</ref><ref name="Scherbenske 2013 183" /> *''Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised:'' [[Epistle to the Laodiceans]], [[Sirach]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], [[1 Maccabees|1]] and [[2 Maccabees]].<ref name=":03" /><ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342" /> The 13th-century [[Paris Bible]]s remove the [[Epistle to the Laodiceans]], but add:<ref name=":03" /> * ''Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised'': [[Prayer of Manasses]], [[2 Esdras|4 Ezra]], the [[Book of Baruch]] and the [[Letter of Jeremiah]]. The [[Book of Baruch]] and the [[Letter of Jeremiah]] were first excluded by Jerome as non-canonical, but sporadically re-admitted into the Vulgate tradition from the ''Additions to the Book of Jeremiah'' of the ''Vetus Latina'' from the 9th century onward.<ref name=":03" /><ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342">{{Cite journal|volume=115|issue=2|pages=286–342|last=Bogaert|first=Pierre-Maurice|title=Le livre de Baruch dans les manuscrits de la Bible latine. Disparition et réintégration|journal=[[Revue Bénédictine]]|date=2005|doi=10.1484/J.RB.5.100598}}</ref> * ''Independent translation, distinct from the Vetus Latina'' (probably of the 3rd century): [[1 Esdras|3 Ezra]].<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite journal|volume=26|issue=4|pages=253–302|last=York|first=Harry Clinton|title=The Latin Versions of First Esdras|journal=[[The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures]]|date=1910|jstor=527826|doi=10.1086/369651|s2cid=170979647}}</ref> Another text which is considered as part of the Vulgate is: * ''Translation from the Hebrew'' by Jerome: the books of the Hebrew Bible, including a [[Latin Psalters#Versio juxta Hebraicum|translation of the Psalms from the Hebrew]].<ref name=":034"/> This translation of the Psalms was kept in Spanish manuscripts of the Vulgate long after the [[Gallican psalter]] had supplanted it elsewhere.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5|title=Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|others=Oliver Wendell Holmes Library Phillips Academy|year=2007|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|editor-last=Weber|editor-first=Robert|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|pages=VI, XV, XXV, XXXIV|chapter=Praefatio|editor-last2=Gryson|editor-first2=Roger|url-access=registration}}</ref> Completion dates given by experts for this translation of the Psalms range from between 390 and 398.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=98|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible|chapter=Introduction : Révision et retourn à l'''Hebraica veritas''|trans-chapter=Introduction: Revision and return to ''Hebraica veritas''}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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