Vancouver

==History==
{{Main|History of Vancouver}}
{{For timeline}}

===Before 1850===
[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] records indicate that [[First Nations in Canada|Aboriginal people]] were already living in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thom |first=Brian |year=1996 |url=http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/LONGTERM-FIN.htm |title=Stó:lo Culture – Ideas of Prehistory and Changing Cultural Relationships to the Land and Environment |access-date=November 23, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718061334/http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/LONGTERM-FIN.htm |archive-date=July 18, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Atlas">{{cite book |editor-last=Carlson |editor-first=Keith Thor |title=A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas |location=Vancouver, BC |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |year=2001 |pages=6–18 |isbn=978-1-55054-812-9}}</ref>

The [[Squamish people|Squamish]], [[Musqueam Indian Band|Musqueam]], and [[Tsleil-Waututh First Nation|Tsleil-Waututh (Burrard)]] peoples of the [[Coast Salish]] group<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Vancouver |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=March 12, 2019 |last=Roy |first=Patricia E. |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/vancouver |access-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720053605/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/vancouver |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Barman |first=Jean |title=Stanley Park's Secret |publisher=Harbour Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55017-346-8 |page=21 |author-link=Jean Barman}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Colin |title=One of Canada's Biggest Cities Just Officially Admitted That It Was Built on Unceded Aboriginal Territory |website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/one-canadas-biggest-cities-just-officially-admitted-it-was-built-unceded-aboriginal-territory-180951873/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183255/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/one-canadas-biggest-cities-just-officially-admitted-it-was-built-unceded-aboriginal-territory-180951873/ |archive-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as [[Stanley Park]], [[False Creek]], [[Kitsilano]], [[Point Grey]] and near the mouth of the [[Fraser River]].<ref name="Atlas" /> The region where Vancouver is currently located was referred to in contemporary [[Halkomelem]] as ''Lhq’á:lets'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Stolo Dictionary |url=https://www.ufv.ca/media/assets/modern-languages/halqemeylem/Hal-Dic-Hal-Eng-(Stolo-Dictionary).doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703015509/https://www.ufv.ca/media/assets/modern-languages/halqemeylem/Hal-Dic-Hal-Eng-(Stolo-Dictionary).doc |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=January 10, 2020 |publisher=[[University of the Fraser Valley]] |format=DOC |quote="Lhq'á:lets Vancouver"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Galloway |first1=Brent Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEslDQAAQBAJ&q=Lhq%E2%80%99%C3%A1:lets&pg=PA291 |title=Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem |date=2009 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-09872-5 |page=291 |author-link=Brent Galloway |access-date=July 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019165921/https://books.google.com/books?id=YEslDQAAQBAJ&q=Lhq%E2%80%99%C3%A1:lets&pg=PA291 |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> meaning "wide at the bottom/end".

Europeans became acquainted with the area of the future Vancouver when [[José María Narváez]] of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] explored the coast of present-day [[West Point Grey|Point Grey]] and parts of Burrard Inlet in 1791—although one author contends that [[Francis Drake]] may have [[New Albion#Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada|visited the area in 1579]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bawlf |first=R. Samuel |year=2003 |title=The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake: 1577–1580 |publisher=Walker & Company |isbn=978-0-8027-1405-3}}</ref>

[[File:Draft of Major Matthews map of Vancouver's indigenous place names.tif|thumb|Draft map of villages and landmarks with their Indigenous names, [[Burrard Inlet]] and [[English Bay, Vancouver|English Bay]], by Vancouver archivist [[J. S. Matthews]] ]]
The explorer and [[North West Company]] trader [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]] and his crew became the first-known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of City of Vancouver |work=Caroun.com |url=http://www.caroun.com/Countries/America/Canada/Vancouver/2-VancouverHistory.html |access-date=January 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329195141/http://www.caroun.com/Countries/America/Canada/Vancouver/2-VancouverHistory.html |archive-date=March 29, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Early growth===
[[File:Maple Tree Corner Vancouver 1886.jpg|thumb|View of [[Gastown]] from Carrall and [[Water Street, Vancouver|Water Street]] in 1886. Gastown was a settlement that quickly became a centre for trade and commerce on Burrard Inlet.]]
The [[Fraser Canyon Gold Rush|Fraser Gold Rush]] of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from [[California]], to nearby [[New Westminster]] (founded February 14, 1859) on the Fraser River, on their way to the [[Fraser Canyon]], bypassing what would become Vancouver.<ref name="Vancouver's past">{{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Raymond |title=Vancouver's Past |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1974 |location=Seattle |first2=Christine |last2=Soules |first3=Gordon |last3=Soules |isbn=978-0-295-95364-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=McGowan's War |publisher=New Star Books |isbn=1-55420-001-6 |first=Donald J. |last=Hauka |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Matthews |first=J. Skitt |title=Early Vancouver |publisher=City of Vancouver |year=1936 |author-link=J. S. Matthews}}</ref> Vancouver is among British Columbia's youngest cities;<ref name="Horizons">{{cite book |last1=Cranny |first1=Michael |last2=Jarvis |first2=Graham |last3=Moles |first3=Garvin |last4=Seney |first4=Bruce |title=Horizons: Canada Moves West |publisher=Prentice Hall Ginn Canada |year=1999 |location=Scarborough, ON |isbn=978-0-13-012367-1}}</ref> the first European settlement in what is now Vancouver was not until 1862 at McCleery's Farm on the Fraser River, just east of the ancient village of [[Musqueam Indian Band|Musqueam]] in what is now [[Marpole]]. A sawmill was established at Moodyville (now the [[City of North Vancouver]]) in 1863, beginning the city's long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the south shore of the inlet. Stamp, who had begun logging in the [[Port Alberni]] area, first attempted to run a mill at [[Brockton Point]], but difficult currents and reefs forced the relocation of the operation in 1867 to a point near the foot of Dunlevy Street. This mill, known as the [[Hastings Mill]], became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed. The mill's central role in the city waned after the arrival of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (CPR) in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the local economy until it closed in the 1920s.<ref name="GVB">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Chuck |title=The Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia |publisher=Linkman Press |year=1997 |location=Surrey, British Columbia |pages=39–47 |isbn=1-896846-00-9}}</ref> The settlement, which came to be called [[Gastown]], proliferated around the original makeshift tavern established by [[Gassy Jack]] in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property.<ref name="Horizons" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gastown.org/history/index.html |title=Welcome to Gastown |date=March 28, 2008 |publisher=Gastown Business Improvement Society |access-date=December 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125034053/http://www.gastown.org/history/index.html |archive-date=November 25, 2009}}</ref>

In 1870, the [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|colonial government]] surveyed the settlement and laid out a [[townsite]], renamed "[[Granville, British Columbia|Granville]]" in honour of the then–British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|Lord Granville]]. This site, with its natural harbour, was selected in 1884<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/chronology.html |title=Chronology[1757–1884] |access-date=June 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610223324/http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/chronology.html |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> as the terminus for the Canadian Pacific Railway, to the disappointment of [[Port Moody]], New Westminster and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], all of which had vied to be the railhead. A railway was among the inducements for British Columbia to join the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1871, but the [[Pacific Scandal]] and arguments over the use of Chinese labour delayed construction until the 1880s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morton |first=James |title=[[In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia]] |publisher=J.J. Douglas |year=1973 |location=Vancouver |isbn=978-0-88894-052-0}}</ref>

===Incorporation===
[[File:First Vancouver Council Meeting after fire.jpg|thumb|left|The first [[Vancouver City Council]] meeting following the [[Great Vancouver Fire]] in 1886]]
The City of Vancouver was incorporated on April 6, 1886, the same year that the first transcontinental train arrived. CPR president [[William Cornelius Van Horne|William Van Horne]] arrived in Port Moody to establish the CPR terminus recommended by [[Henry John Cambie]] and gave the city its name in honour of [[George Vancouver]].<ref name="Horizons" /> The [[Great Vancouver Fire]] on June 13, 1886, razed the entire city. The [[Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services|Vancouver Fire Department]] was established that year and the city quickly rebuilt.<ref name="GVB" /> Vancouver's population grew from a settlement of 1,000 people in 1881 to over 20,000 by the turn of the century and 100,000 by 1911.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Chuck |first2=Richard |last2=von Kleist |title=Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia |publisher=Linkman Press |year=1997 |location=Surrey, BC |page=780 |isbn=978-1-896846-00-2}}</ref>

Vancouver merchants outfitted prospectors bound for the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in 1898.<ref name="Vancouver's past" /> One of those merchants, Charles Woodward, had opened the first [[Woodward's]] store at Abbott and Cordova Streets in 1892 and, along with [[Spencer's (department store)|Spencer's]] and the [[Hudson's Bay Company|Hudson's Bay]] department stores, formed the core of the city's retail sector for decades.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History: Acquisitions, Retail, Woodward's Stores Limited |publisher=Hudson's Bay Company |url=http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/woodwards.asp |access-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227013354/http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/woodwards.asp |archive-date=February 27, 2007}}</ref>

The economy of early Vancouver was dominated by large companies such as the CPR, which fuelled economic activity and led to the rapid development of the new city;<ref>{{cite web |title=British Columbia facts – economic history |url=http://www.britishcolumbia.name/facts.htm |access-date=June 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911062907/http://www.britishcolumbia.name/facts.htm |archive-date=September 11, 2011}}</ref> in fact, the CPR was the main real estate owner and housing developer in the city. While some manufacturing did develop, including the establishment of the British Columbia Sugar Refinery by [[Benjamin Tingley Rogers]] in 1890,<ref>{{cite web |title=BC Sugar |url=http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_bcSugar.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104205132/http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_bcSugar.htm |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |work=The History of Metropolitan Vancouver |quote=The dream had become reality: B.C. Sugar was incorporated March 26, 1890. Its president, Benjamin Tingley Rogers, was 24.}}</ref> natural resources became the basis for Vancouver's economy. The resource sector was initially based on logging and later on exports moving through the seaport, where commercial traffic constituted the largest economic sector in Vancouver by the 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McCandless |first=R. C. |title=Vancouver's 'Red Menace' of 1935: The Waterfront Situation |journal=BC Studies |issue=22 |page=68 |year=1974}}</ref>

===The 20th century<!--[[South Vancouver, British Columbia]] redirects here-->===
[[File:RCMP 1938 sitdowner strike.jpg|thumb|Plainclothes [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] officers attack [[Relief Camp Workers' Union]] protesters in 1938. Several protests over unemployment occurred in the city during the [[Great Depression]].]]
[[File:Downtown celebrations at the end of World War II, VPL 42793 (17106384760).jpg|thumb|Downtown celebrations at the end of [[World War II]]]]
The dominance of the economy by big business was accompanied by an often militant [[Trades and Labor Congress of Canada|labour movement]]. The first major sympathy strike was in 1903 when railway employees struck against the CPR for union recognition. Labour leader Frank Rogers was killed by CPR police while picketing at the docks, becoming the movement's first martyr in British Columbia.<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Paul A. |title=No Power Greater: A Century of Labour in British Columbia |publisher=BC Federation of Labour/Boag Foundation |year=1967 |location=Vancouver}}</ref>{{Citation page|pages=39-41}} The rise of industrial tensions throughout the province led to Canada's first general strike in 1918, at the [[Cumberland, British Columbia|Cumberland]] coal mines on [[Vancouver Island]].<ref name="phillips" />{{Citation page|pages=71-74}} Following a lull in the 1920s, the strike wave peaked in 1935 when unemployed men flooded the city to protest conditions in the relief camps run by the military in remote areas throughout the province.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Manley |first=John |year=1994 |title=Canadian Communists, Revolutionary Unionism, and the 'Third Period': The Workers' Unity League |url=http://www.erudit.org/revue/jcha/1994/v5/n1/031078ar.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of the Canadian Historical Association]] |series=New Series |volume=5 |pages=167–194 |doi=10.7202/031078ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614201558/http://www.erudit.org/revue/jcha/1994/v5/n1/031078ar.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2007 |access-date=November 12, 2006 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Brown 1987">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Lorne |title=When Freedom was Lost: The Unemployed, the Agitator, and the State |url=https://archive.org/details/whenfreedomwaslo0000brow |url-access=registration |publisher=Black Rose Books |year=1987 |location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-920057-77-3}}</ref> After two tense months of daily and disruptive protesting, the [[Relief Camp Workers' Union|relief camp strikers]] decided to take their grievances to the federal government and embarked on the [[On-to-Ottawa Trek]],<ref name="Brown 1987" /> but their protest was put down by force. The workers were arrested near [[Mission, British Columbia|Mission]] and interned in work camps for the duration of the Depression.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Andreas |title=Carved From Wood: A History of Mission 1861–1992 |year=1991 |publisher=Mission Foundation |isbn=978-1-55056-131-9}}</ref>

Other social movements, such as the [[first-wave feminism|first-wave feminist]], moral reform, and [[Prohibition in Canada|temperance movements]], were also instrumental in Vancouver's development. [[Mary Ellen Smith]], a Vancouver [[women's suffrage|suffragist]] and [[Prohibition in Canada|prohibitionist]], became the first woman elected to a [[Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|provincial legislature]] in Canada in 1918.<ref name="robin">{{cite book |last=Robin |first=Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/rushforspoilscom0000robi/mode/2up |title=The Rush for Spoils: The Company Province |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-7710-7675-6 |location=Toronto}}</ref>{{Citation page|page=[https://archive.org/details/rushforspoilscom0000robi/page/172 172]}} Alcohol prohibition began in the First World War and lasted until 1921 when the provincial government established control over alcohol sales, a practice still in place today.<ref name="robin" />{{Citation page|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rushforspoilscom0000robi/page/187 187–188]}} Canada's first [[Prohibition of drugs|drug law]] came about following an inquiry conducted by the federal [[Minister of Labour (Canada)|minister of Labour]] and future prime minister, [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]. King was sent to investigate damages claims resulting from a riot when the [[Asiatic Exclusion League]] led a rampage through [[Chinatown, Vancouver|Chinatown]] and [[Japantown, Vancouver|Japantown]]. Two of the claimants were [[opium]] manufacturers, and after further investigation, King found that white women were reportedly frequenting [[opium den]]s as well as [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] men. A federal law banning the manufacture, sale, and importation of opium for non-medicinal purposes was soon passed based on these revelations.<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Catherine |last=Carstairs |title='Hop Heads' and 'Hypes':Drug Use, Regulation and Resistance in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto |type=PhD |date=2000 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53757.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201195420/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53757.pdf |archive-date=December 1, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> These riots, and the formation of the Asiatic Exclusion League, also act as signs of a growing fear and mistrust towards the Japanese living in Vancouver and throughout BC. These fears were exacerbated by the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] leading to the eventual [[Internment of Japanese Canadians|internment or deportation of all Japanese-Canadians]] living in the city and the province.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Patricia E. |title=Mutual Hostages: Canadians and Japanese during the Second World War |year=1990 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Ontario |isbn=0-8020-5774-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mutualhostagesca0000unse/page/103 103] |url=https://archive.org/details/mutualhostagesca0000unse/page/103}}</ref> After the war, these Japanese-Canadian men and women were not allowed to return to cities like Vancouver causing areas, like the aforementioned [[Japantown, Vancouver|Japantown]], to cease to be ethnically Japanese areas as the communities never revived.<ref>{{cite book |last=La Violette |first=Forrest E. |title=The Canadian Japanese and World War II |year=1948 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Ontario |page=v}}</ref>

[[Merger (politics)|Amalgamation]] with Point Grey and South Vancouver gave the city its final boundaries not long before it became the third-largest metropolis in the country. As of January 1, 1929, the population of the enlarged Vancouver was 228,193.<ref>{{cite book |last=Francis |first=Daniel |title=L.D.:Mayor Louis Taylor and the Rise of Vancouver |publisher=[[Arsenal Pulp Press]] |year=2004 |location=Vancouver |page=135 |isbn=978-1-55152-156-5}}</ref>