Restorationism

==Historical models==
The restoration ideal has been interpreted and applied in a variety of ways.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}}  Four general historical models can be identified based on the aspect of early Christianity that the individuals and groups involved were attempting to restore.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}} These are:
*Ecclesiastical Primitivism;<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}}
*Ethical Primitivism;<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}}
*Experiential Primitivism;<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}} and
*Gospel Primitivism.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}}

Ecclesiastical primitivism focuses on restoring the [[Ecclesiastical|ecclesiastical practices]] of the early church.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}} [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]] and the [[Puritan]]s all advocated ecclesiastical primitivism.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635, 636}}  The strongest advocate of ecclesiastical primitivism in the [[United States]] was [[Alexander Campbell (clergyman)|Alexander Campbell]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|636}}

Ethical primitivism focuses on restoring the ethical norms and commitment to [[Disciple (Christianity)|discipleship]] of the early church.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|636}} The [[Anabaptist]]s, [[Barton W. Stone]] and the [[Holiness Movement]] are examples of this form of restorationism.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|636, 637}} The movement often requires observance of universal commandments, such as a [[biblical Sabbath]] as given to [[Adam and Eve]] in the [[Garden of Eden]], and the [[Hebrew calendar]] to define years, seasons, weeks, and days. [[Religious male circumcision|Circumcision]], animal sacrifices, and ceremonial requirements, as practiced in Judaism, are distinguished from the [[Ten Commandments]], [[Noahide laws]]<ref>E.g., clean and unclean animals, {{Bibleverse||Gen.|7:2}}.</ref> and [[High Sabbaths]]<ref>E.g., the {{LORD}}'s cutting covenant with Abraham on [[Quartodeciman]] [[Passover]] as inferred from {{Bibleverse||Ex.|12:41|}}</ref> as given to, and in effect for, all humanity. The [[Sermon on the Mount]] and particularly the [[Expounding of the Law]] warn against [[antinomianism]], the rejection of biblical teachings concerning observance of the Law.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Matt.|5-7|}}</ref>

Experiential primitivism focuses on restoring the direct communication with God and the experience of the [[Holy Spirit]] seen in the early church.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|637}}  Examples include the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] of [[Joseph Smith]] and [[Pentecostalism]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|637, 638}}

Gospel primitivism may be best seen in the theology of [[Martin Luther]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|638}}  Luther was not, in the strictest sense, a restorationist because he saw human effort to restore the church as [[works righteousness]] and was sharply critical of other [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] leaders who were attempting to do so.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|638}}  On the other hand, he was convinced that the gospel message had been obscured by the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] of the time.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|638}}  He also rejected church traditions he considered contrary to Scripture and insisted on [[Sola scriptura|scripture as the sole authority]] for the church.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988"/>{{Rp|23}}

These models are not mutually exclusive, but overlap; for example, the Pentecostal movement sees a clear link between ethical primitivism and experiential primitivism.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635, 637}}