Phoenix, Arizona

===Early history===
[[File:OasisAmerica-es.svg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Map portraying ancestral Hohokam lands circa 1350|Map of [[Hohokam]] lands {{circa|1350}}]]

The [[Hohokam]] people occupied the Phoenix area for 2,000 years.<ref name=Phxgov>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html |title=History of Phoenix |publisher=City of Phoenix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415163536/http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Trimble |first=Marshall |title=Arizoniana |publisher=American Traveler Press |year=1988 |page=103 |isbn=978-1-885590-89-3 }}</ref> They created roughly {{convert|135|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable, and paths of these canals were used for the [[Arizona Canal]], [[Central Arizona Project]] Canal, and the [[Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct]]. They also carried out extensive trade with the nearby [[Anasazi|Ancient Puebloans]], [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]], and [[Sinagua]], as well as with the more distant [[Mesoamerican]] civilizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_hoh.html |publisher=Desert USA |title=Prehistoric Desert Peoples: The Hohokam |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317004347/http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_hoh.html |archive-date=March 17, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is believed periods of drought and severe floods between 1300 and 1450 led to the Hohokam civilization's abandonment of the area.{{sfn|Trimble|1988|p=105}}

After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of [[Akimel O'odham]] (commonly known as Pima), [[Tohono O'odham]], and [[Maricopa people|Maricopa]] tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the [[Yavapai people|Yavapai]] and Apache.{{sfn|Montero|2008|pp=10–11}} The O'odham were offshoots of the [[Sobaipuri]] tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the Hohokam.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I | last=Seymour | first=Deni J. | issue=2007b | journal=New Mexico Historical Review | page=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp |title=Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People |publisher=Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community |access-date=February 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805082906/http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm |title=The Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico |publisher=Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office |year=1906 |access-date=March 24, 2016 |editor=Hodge, Frederick Webb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140218050828/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 18, 2014 }}</ref>

The Akimel O'odham were the major group in the area. They lived in small villages with well-defined irrigation systems that spread over the Gila River Valley, from Florence in the east to the Estrellas in the west. Their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food as well as cotton and tobacco. They banded with the Maricopa for protection against incursions by the Yuma and Apache tribes.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009142008/http://www.gilariver.org/index.php/about-tribe/profile/history |archive-date=October 9, 2014 | url=http://www.gilariver.org/index.php/about-tribe/profile/history | title=Gila River Indian Community History | publisher=Gila River Indian Community | access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> The Maricopa are part of the larger Yuma people; however, they migrated east from the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers in the early 1800s, when they began to be enemies with other Yuma tribes, settling among the existing communities of the Akimel O'odham.<ref name=srpmic>{{cite web | url=http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp | title=Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People | publisher=Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community | access-date=February 17, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805082906/http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp | archive-date=August 5, 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm | title=Maricopa Tribe | access-date=February 17, 2014| date=July 9, 2011 }}</ref>{{sfn|Montero|2008|pp=10–11}}

The Tohono O'odham also lived in the region, but largely to the south and all the way to the Mexican border.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta | last=McIntyre | first=Allan | publisher=Arcadia Publishing | year=2008 | isbn=9780738556338}}</ref> The O'odham lived in small settlements as seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains, rather than the large-scale irrigation of the Akimel. They grew crops such as sweet corn, tapery beans, squash, lentils, sugar cane, and melons, as well as taking advantage of native plants such as saguaro fruits, cholla buds, mesquite tree beans, and mesquite candy (sap from the mesquite tree). They also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and [[javelina]] for meat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sanxaviermission.org/Tohono.html | title=San Xavier del Bac Mission-Tohono O'odham | publisher=San Xavier Mission | access-date=February 24, 2014 | archive-date=February 28, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228104732/http://www.sanxaviermission.org/Tohono.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tonation-nsn.gov/ton_history.aspx | title=Tohono O'odham History | access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref>

The [[Mexican–American War]] ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, and the region's residents became U.S. citizens. The Phoenix area became part of the [[New Mexico Territory]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Spencer C. |last=Tucker |title=The Encyclopedia of the Mexican–American War: A Political, Social, and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ceNvefrToC&pg=PA255 |year=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=255 |isbn=978-1-85109-854-5}}</ref> In 1863, the mining town of [[Wickenburg, Arizona|Wickenburg]] was the first to be established in Maricopa County, to the northwest of Phoenix. Maricopa County had not been incorporated; the land was within [[Yavapai County, Arizona|Yavapai County]], which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg.

The Army created [[Fort McDowell, Arizona|Fort McDowell]] on the [[Verde River]] in 1865 to forestall Indian uprisings.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joan |last=Fudala |title=Historic Scottsdale: A Life from the Land |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSiRm6fUk4IC&pg=PA28 |year=2001 |publisher=HPN Books |page=28 |isbn=978-1-893619-12-8 | access-date=March 19, 2016}}</ref> The fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River by 1866, which was the first settlement in the valley after the decline of the Hohokam. Other nearby settlements later merged to become the city of [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/basics/timeline.htm#FIRS |publisher=Tempe.gov |title=Tempe History Timeline |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105115517/http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/basics/timeline.htm |archive-date=January 5, 2011 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref>