Pennsylvania

===Indigenous settlement===
Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends to thousands of years before the foundation of the colonial [[Province of Pennsylvania]] in 1681. [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] believe the first [[Peopling of the Americas|settlement of the Americas]] occurred at least 15,000 years ago during the [[Last Glacial Period|last glacial period]], though it is unclear when humans first entered the area now known as Pennsylvania. There also is uncertainty regarding the date when ancestors of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] crossed the two continents, arriving in [[North America]]; possibilities range between 30,000 and 10,500 years ago.<ref name="PHMC Paleoindian2">{{cite web |title=Paleoindian Period – 16,000 to 10,000 years ago |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/paleoindian_period/405749 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}</ref> [[Meadowcroft Rockshelter]] in [[Jefferson Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania|Jefferson Township]] includes the earliest known signs of human activity in Pennsylvania and perhaps all of North America,<ref name="Meadow2">[http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2013/08/11/ancient-pa-dwelling-still-dividing-archaeologists/ Ancient Pa. Dwelling Still Dividing Archaeologists]</ref> including the remains of a civilization that existed over 10,000 years ago and possibly pre-dated the [[Clovis culture]].<ref name="PHMC12">{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania on the Eve of Colonization |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/pre-1681__the_eve_of_colonization/478723 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001405/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/pre-1681__the_eve_of_colonization/478723 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}</ref><ref name="Meadow2" /> By 1000 CE, in contrast to their nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]] [[Paleo-Indians|ancestors]], the native population of Pennsylvania had developed [[Agriculture|agricultural]] techniques and a mixed food economy.<ref name="PHMC Late Woodland2">{{cite web |title=Late Woodland Period in the Susquehanna and Delaware River Valleys |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/late_woodland_period/406837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321213816/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/late_woodland_period/406837 |archive-date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}</ref>

By the time [[European colonization of the Americas]] began, at least two major Native American tribes inhabited Pennsylvania.<ref name="PHMC12" /> The first, the [[Lenape]], spoke an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]] and inhabited the eastern region of the state, then known as [[Lenapehoking]]. It included most of [[New Jersey]], the [[Lehigh Valley]], and [[Delaware Valley]] regions of eastern and southeastern Pennsylvania. The Lenape's territory ended somewhere between the [[Delaware River]] in the east and the [[Susquehanna River]] in central Pennsylvania. The [[Susquehannock]], who spoke an [[Iroquoian language]], were based in [[Western Pennsylvania]] from [[New York (state)|New York]] state in the north to [[West Virginia]] in the southwest that included the Susquehanna River to the [[Allegheny River|Allegheny]] and [[Monongahela River|Monongahela]] rivers near present-day [[Pittsburgh]].<ref>"On the Susquehannocks: Natives having used Baltimore County as hunting grounds - The Historical Society of Baltimore County". www.HSOBC.org. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref> European disease and constant warfare with several neighbors and groups of Europeans weakened these tribes, and they were grossly outpaced financially as the [[Wyandot people|Hurons]] and [[Iroquois]] blocked them from proceeding west into Ohio during the [[Beaver Wars]]. As they lost numbers and land, they abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River and the Iroquois and Mohawk tribes located more to the north. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian [[Petun]].<ref>"Early Indian Migration in Ohio". GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref>Garrad, Charles "Petun and the Petuns"</ref> They were fragmented into three groups during the Beaver Wars: the Petun of New York, the Wyandot of [[Ohio]], and the Tiontatecaga of the Kanawha River in southern West Virginia. South of the Allegheny River was a nation known as Calicua.<ref>(Extrapolation from the 16th-century Spanish, 'Cali' ˈkali a rich agricultural area – geographical sunny climate. also 1536, Cauca River, linking Cali, important for higher population agriculture and cattle raising and Colombia's coffee is produced in the adjacent uplands. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 'Cali', city, metropolis, urban center. Pearson Education 2006. "Calica", Yucatán place name called rock pit, a port an hour south of Cancún. Sp. root: "Cal", limestone. Also today, 'Calicuas', supporting cylinder or enclosing ring, or moveable prop as in holding a strut)</ref> They may have been the same as the [[Monongahela culture]] and little is known about them except that they were probably a [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] culture. Archaeological sites from this time in this region are scarce.