Paula White

==Ministry==
===Without Walls International Church===
The Tampa Christian Center was founded in [[Tampa]], Florida, by the then-married Paula and [[Randy White (pastor)|Randy White]] in 1991. The church struggled financially, and it could not afford to pay the Whites a salary for the first two years. The couple lived on government assistance and the handouts of others. From 1991 to 1998, the church changed locations three times until it secured the property at 2511 North Grady Avenue in Tampa, and changed the name of the church to Without Walls International Church.<ref name="holymav" />

While the church was holding services in an outdoor tent in 1999, it reported 5,000 attendees a week and 10,000 ministered to outside of the church by 230 outreach ministries.<ref name="eagle1">{{cite news |first=John W. |last=Smith |title=A church without a building |newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]] |date=September 24, 1999 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rSIyAAAAIBAJ&dq=paula-white&pg=2306%2C5742710 |access-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref>

Without Walls International Church then purchased the property next door, at 3860 West Columbus Drive, to expand its Tampa campus. The property acquired was a [[Canada Dry]] warehouse, which was remodeled and became the main sanctuary for the church until September 2014.

In 2002, Without Walls International Church began to expand by purchasing the defunct Carpenter's Home Church location in [[Lakeland, Florida]]. At the time, the church reported 14,000 members and 200 ministries including job training, evangelism among public housing projects, and a teen club. Without Walls International Church also began to hold Saturday night services at [[Carpenter's Home Church]] in Lakeland renting the property.<ref name="ledger1">{{cite news |first=Cary |last=McMullen |title=Without Walls Pastor Discusses Arrangement With Carpenter's Church |newspaper=[[The Ledger]] |date=July 27, 2002 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jzYxAAAAIBAJ&dq=paula-white&pg=3720%2C4243357 |access-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name="ledger2">{{cite news |first=Cary |last=McMullen |title=Local Church To Share Chapel |newspaper=[[The Ledger]] |date=July 17, 2002 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B78wAAAAIBAJ&dq=paula-white&pg=5352%2C4667090 |access-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref> Carpenter's Home Church would later be purchased by Without Walls International Church in 2005 for $8 million, with the church renamed Without Walls Central Church.<ref name=ledger3>{{cite news |url=http://www.theledger.com/article/20101210/NEWS/101219966 |title=Former Without Walls pastor starts foundation in daughter's name |date=December 10, 2010 |access-date=April 15, 2011 |first=Cary |last=McMullen |newspaper=[[The Ledger]] |archive-date=September 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907125421/http://www.theledger.com/article/20101210/NEWS/101219966 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2004, Without Walls International Church reported a congregation of 20,000, the largest congregation in the area and the seventh-largest church in the [[United States]].<ref name="spt2">{{cite news |first=Sharon |last=Tubbs |title=Selling God to the masses |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=June 17, 2004 |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/06/17/Floridian/Selling_God_to_the_ma.shtml |access-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref> An audit later made public by a [[United States Senate]] committee chaired by Iowa Republican [[Chuck Grassley]] showed that Without Walls received $150 million from 2004 to 2006.<ref name="CNN-critics">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/05/politics/paula-white-critics/index.html |title=Trump's spiritual adviser, Paula White, fires back at critics |first=Daniel |last=Burke |date=January 6, 2017 |website=CNN |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> The Senate report found the church White operated with her now ex-husband spent tax-exempt ministry funds one year to pay nearly $900,000 for the couple's waterfront mansion, over a million dollars in salaries to family members and paid for the Whites' private jet. White and her church did not cooperate with the investigation. In 2011, Grassley issued a report outlining his committee's findings but took no additional action.<ref name=MJ/>

On July 12, 2009, White became the senior pastor of the church that she had co-founded, replacing her former husband, Randy White, who stated that he was stepping down as pastor for health reasons but would remain connected with the church in a different position.<ref name=christianpost1>{{cite news |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/paula-white-returns-to-lead-ailing-megachurch-39668/ |title=Paula White Returns to Lead Ailing Megachurch |date=July 12, 2009 |access-date=April 8, 2011 |first=Eric |last=Young |newspaper=[[The Christian Post]]}}</ref><ref name=spt3>{{cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1038599.ece |title=Former Without Walls pastor starts foundation in daughter's name |date=September 25, 2009 |access-date=April 15, 2011 |first=Amy |last=Scherzer |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015113937/http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1038599.ece |archive-date=October 15, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On January 1, 2011, after the resignation of Scott Thomas, White became the senior pastor of the [[Without Walls Central Church]] in [[Lakeland, Florida]], church, making her the pastor of both locations.<ref name="ledger3"/> In August of that year, services ceased when electricity was disconnected after failure to pay over $50,000 in bills.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.theledger.com/news/20111226/future-in-doubt-for-without-walls-central-church-property |title=Future In Doubt for Without Walls Central Church Property |last=White |first=Gary |date=Dec 26, 2011 |newspaper=The Ledger |access-date=July 4, 2019}}</ref> One year later, on January 1, 2012, she became senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center as well. On June 20, 2012, her ex-husband Randy White resumed leadership of the Tampa location.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/randy-white-returns-tells-without-walls-forget-the-past.html |title=Randy White Returns; Tells Without Walls 'Forget the Past' |last=Kwon |first=Lillian |date=June 26, 2012 |newspaper=Christian Post |access-date=July 4, 2019}}</ref>

===Bankruptcy===
By 2008, three years after purchasing the Lakeland property, Without Walls International put both locations up for sale due to financial difficulties. The Evangelical Christian Credit Union began foreclosure proceedings on both properties later that year. Selling two parcels of land to the city of Lakeland allowed for a settlement with the credit union in 2009, modifying the mortgage through 2013. In November 2011, while White was still senior pastor of the location, her ex-husband Randy White said that the Lakeland property was on the verge of being sold or going into foreclosure.<ref name="auto"/> By October 2012, the Tampa property was under foreclosure proceedings by the Evangelical Christian Credit Union after failure to pay loans. In a counterclaim filed at that time, Without Walls International claimed that White had taken audio equipment owned by the church to her new church in Apopka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/lender-tampas-without-walls-seeks-bankruptcy-to-dodge-foreclosure/2170016 |title=Lender: Tampa's Without Walls seeks bankruptcy to dodge foreclosure |last=Sheehan |first=Keeley |date=March 13, 2014 |newspaper=The Ledger |access-date=July 4, 2019}}</ref>

On March 4, 2014, when White was the senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center in Apopka, Without Walls International Church filed for [[Chapter 11]] federal [[bankruptcy]] protection. In response, the Evangelical Christian Credit Union, which said the church owed it $29 million, called the filing a "litigation tactic" to prevent the [[foreclosure]] of two church locations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/lender-tampas-without-walls-seeks-bankruptcy-to-dodge-foreclosure/2170016 |title=Lender: Tampa's Without Walls seeks bankruptcy to dodge foreclosure |last=Sheehan |first=Keeley |date=March 13, 2014 |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> In a television interview with [[Erin Burnett]] at [[CNN]], White stated, "I've never filed bankruptcy. I had resigned Without Walls. I had absolutely no part."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1701/05/ebo.01.html |title=Interview with Televangelist Paula White |date=January 5, 2017 |author=Erin Burnett OutFront |author-link=Erin Burnett OutFront |website=CNN |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>

===Paula White Ministries===
White recorded the first broadcast of ''Paula White Today'' in December 2001. By 2006, her show appeared on nine television networks, including [[Trinity Broadcast Network]], [[Daystar Television Network|Daystar]], and [[Black Entertainment Television]]<ref name="holymav"/><ref name="wp1"/><ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=http://www.apostasyalert.org/REFLECTIONS/Paula_White_Blush.htm|title=Paula White: Unable to Blush|last=Alnor|first=Jackie|date=October 21, 2006|website=Apostasy Alert|access-date=September 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061432/http://www.apostasyalert.org/REFLECTIONS/Paula_White_Blush.htm|archive-date=September 29, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'' magazine said of White, "You know you're on to something new and significant when the most popular woman preacher on the Black Entertainment Network is a white woman."<ref name="cnw">{{cite press release |website=Christian Communication Network |date=February 22, 2007 |title=Renowned Life Coach 'Paula White' Offers Transformational Advice to Young, Hurting, Promiscuous Women on 'The Tyra Banks Show' Today |url=http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/156562304.html |access-date=September 11, 2007}}</ref>

White considers [[T. D. Jakes|T.D. Jakes]] her spiritual father. Jakes invited her to speak at his "Woman Thou Art Loosed" conference in 2000. She also participated in the Mega Fest, hosted by Jakes in [[Atlanta]], in 2004, 2005 and 2008.<ref name="wsbtv">{{cite web |title=Mega Church Festival Arrives |url=http://www.wsbtv.com/community/3451412/detail.html |date=October 21, 2006 |access-date=April 15, 2011 |website=[[WSBTV]] |first=JaQuitta |last=Williams |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626054728/http://www.wsbtv.com/community/3451412/detail.html |archive-date=June 26, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PRNewswire">{{cite web |title=Bishop T.D. Jakes & The Potter's House Present MegaFest International in South Africa |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bishop-t-d-jakes--the-potters-house-present-megafest-international-in-south-africa-57347817.html |date=May 30, 2008 |access-date=December 30, 2016 |website=PR Newswire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113035539/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bishop-t-d-jakes--the-potters-house-present-megafest-international-in-south-africa-57347817.html |archive-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref>

White has ministered to [[Michael Jackson]], [[Gary Sheffield]], and [[Darryl Strawberry]].<ref name="holymav"/> She was the personal pastor to Darryl Strawberry, starting in 2003 following Strawberry's release from prison for cocaine possession. Charisse Strawberry, Darryl's wife at the time, worked as an assistant to White, accompanying her on speaking engagements.<ref name="wp1"/><ref name="dallas1">{{cite news|title=Strawberrys find a home with Pastor Paula|last=Delgado|first=Berta|date=April 7, 2004|newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref><ref name="spt1">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3j1SAAAAIBAJ&dq=paula-white&pg=4660%2C2897005|title=Pastors Pray with Jackson|last=Varian|first=Bill|date=December 23, 2003|newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|access-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref> She is the "personal life coach" of [[Tyra Banks]] and appeared on her show, the ''[[Tyra Banks Show]]'', in an episode on promiscuity on October 4, 2006.<ref name="aa" />

On December 31, 2011, the board of New Destiny Christian Church in Apopka, Florida, announced it had appointed White to succeed Zachery Tims as the new senior pastor. New Destiny Christian Center had been searching for a replacement since his death in August 2011.<ref name="fox13">{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Cascio |title=Church taps Paula White as new leader |website=[[WTVT]] |date=December 30, 2011 |url=http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/dpp/news/local/hillsborough/paula-white-new-destiny-122911 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420101120/http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/dpp/news/local/hillsborough/paula-white-new-destiny-122911 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tims' ex-wife Riva filed a lawsuit against the board of directors but quickly dropped it, citing a [[Indemnity#US Contracts|hold harmless]] clause in her 2009 marital settlement agreement.<ref name="euroweb">{{cite web |first=Mona |last=Austin |title=Riva Tims Can't Sue; Paula White Now Pastor of New Destiny |website=[[EuroWeb]] |date=January 3, 2012 |url=http://www.eurweb.com/2012/01/riva-tims-paula-white-new-destiny/ |access-date=January 11, 2012 |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044654/http://www.eurweb.com/2012/01/riva-tims-paula-white-new-destiny/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Upon hearing of the controversy, White addressed the New Destiny Christian Center during a service that she was leading: "I'm not asking you to like me. I'm not asking you to love me or respect me, because I'll do the work to earn that. I always ask people to give me one year of your life and I promise you will be changed."<ref name="euroweb"/>

On January 1, 2012, White officially became the senior pastor for New Destiny Christian Center in Apopka.<ref name="church">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndcc.tv/about/about-ndcc/our-pastor-paula-white |title=Our Pastor |date=March 4, 2013 |website=New Destiny Christian Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304115025/http://www.ndcc.tv/about/about-ndcc/our-pastor-paula-white |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Her philanthropic work in the community along with New Destiny Christian Center has been publicly acknowledged by the mayor of Apopka: "Her church's mentoring of school students, donating food to the needy, assisting families victimized by violence and ministering to help young women trapped in the adult entertainment industry has been inspiring," said Apopka Mayor Joe Kilsheimer. "What I see her doing in the community... is of tremendous value to Apopka and northwest Orange County."<ref name="orlandomagazine.com">{{cite web|last1=Leusner|first1=Jim|last2=Glenn|first2=Barry|date=July 2017|title=50 Most Powerful 2017: Philanthropy & Community Voices|url=http://www.orlandomagazine.com/Orlando-Magazine/July-2017/50-Most-Powerful-2017-Philanthropy-Community-Voices/|access-date=June 20, 2019|website=Orlando Magazine.com}}</ref>

On May 5, 2019, White announced that she was stepping down as senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center and that her son and his wife would become the new senior pastors.<ref name=cpresign /><ref name=huffpostresign /><ref name=baptistmay9 /> The church would also be renamed City of Destiny. White said she would help start 3,000 churches and a university.<ref name=cpresign>{{cite news |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/paula-white-installs-son-as-pastor-of-her-church-plans-to-plant-3000-churches-start-university.html |title=Paula White installs son as pastor of her church; plans to plant 3,000 churches, start university |first=Leonardo |last=Blair |date=May 8, 2019 |newspaper=Christian Post |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name=huffpostresign>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/paula-white-trump-church_n_5cd2e310e4b0a7dffccfa91e |title=Paula White, Trump's Spiritual Adviser, Leaves Florida Church With New Ambitions |first=Carol |last=Kuruvilla |date=May 8, 2019 |website=HuffPost |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name=baptistmay9 />

Commenting in March 2020 about her ministry and the [[COVID-19]] outbreak, White said, "We are a hospital for those who are soul sick, those who are spiritually sick," and, citing Psalm 91, solicited donations of $91 or, "maybe $9 or whatever God tells you to do." She did let donors know that the money wouldn't go to victims of the disease.<ref name=MJ>[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/03/trumps-spiritual-adviser-paula-white-is-using-the-coronavirus-crisis-to-bankroll-her-church/ Trump’s Spiritual Adviser Paula White Is Using the Coronavirus Crisis to Bankroll Her Church], ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] ''Will Peischel'', March 18, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.</ref> After widespread criticism of an Arizona event scheduled for April 9, 2020, for which she had promised "supernatural protection," she withdrew from the fundraiser.<ref name=AR_1 >{{ cite news | url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2020/03/15/trump-adviser-pulls-out-religious-event-promising-protection-covid-19/5055788002/ | title=Trump adviser Paula White pulls out of religious event promising protection from coronavirus | last=Morin | first=Richard | newspaper=[[Arizona Republic]] | date=2020-03-15 | access-date=2020-04-14 }}</ref>

=== Trump administration ===
White became a personal minister to [[Donald Trump]] after he watched her television show;<ref name="Shellnutt">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2017/january-web-only/paula-white-donald-trump-prayer-partner-inauguration.html|title=The Story Behind Trump's Controversial Prayer Partner|last=Shellnutt|first=Kate|date=January 19, 2017|website=Christianity Today|access-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref> he first contacted White by telephone in 2002.<ref name="newsweek-who">{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/president-donald-trump-paula-white-prosperity-gospel-655064|title=Who Is Paula White, Donald Trump's Favorite Pastor?|last=Gaffey|first=Conor|date=August 25, 2017|newspaper=Newsweek|access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> He brought her to [[Atlantic City]] on multiple occasions for private Bible studies, and has appeared on her television show.<ref name="holymav" /> In June 2016, White was credited by [[James Dobson]] for having converted Trump to Christianity.<ref name="CPDobson">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/james-dobson-says-paula-white-led-donald-trump-to-jesus-christ-165844/|title=James Dobson says Paula White led Donald Trump to Jesus Christ|last=Smith|first=Samuel|date=June 29, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2016|newspaper=Christian Post}}</ref> White was part of Trump's Evangelical Advisory Board during his campaign for president, and she provided the invocation prayer during Trump's inauguration ceremony.<ref name="CPPaulaWhite">{{cite news|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/paula-white-on-donald-trumps-christian-faith-exclusive-interview-166205/|title=Paula White on Donald Trump's Christian Faith (Exclusive Interview)|last=Nazworth|first=Napp|date=July 8, 2016|newspaper=Christian Post|access-date=December 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CNNInauguration">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/28/politics/donald-trump-faith-leaders-inauguration/|title=Franklin Graham, Paula White among faith leaders participating in Trump Inauguration|last=Scott|first=Eugene|date=December 29, 2016|website=CNN|access-date=December 30, 2016}}</ref>

From when Trump took office, White had served as one of the president's spiritual advisors and had held various prayer circles with him in the White House, including in the Oval Office.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Weaver |first=Hilary |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Donald Trump's Oval Office Prayer Circle, Explained |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/07/donald-trump-oval-office-prayer-circle-explained |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump's spiritual adviser seeks his protection from 'demonic networks' at reelection rally |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/06/19/paula-white-donald-trump-orlando-rally-demonic-networks/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> One notable prayer moment was White initiating prayer with President Trump on February 27,2020 at the African American History Month Reception in the Cabinet Room.<ref>{{Cite web |title=File:African American History Month Reception (49595665163).jpg - Wikipedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:African_American_History_Month_Reception_(49595665163).jpg |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |date=February 27, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> White led black leaders to lay hands on President Trump, a moment that aided President Trump's appeal with the black community following their concerns with him before he was elected.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Black pastors demand apology from Donald Trump |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/11/donald-trump-black-pastors-meeting-216277 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=POLITICO |date=November 30, 2015 |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, Black Pastors called for then presidential candidate Trump to apologize for unfair treatment of the African American community, and "also to Mexicans for his inflammatory rhetoric".<ref name=":02" /> White, with assistance from her own ministry board advisor, [[Jack Graham (pastor)|Jack Graham]], has had an ongoing spiritual collaboration with Trump.<ref name="Shellnutt" /> White enthusiastically supported Trump's 2017 decision to recognize [[Positions on Jerusalem|Jerusalem as the capital of Israel]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Erasmus |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Christianity and Jerusalem: Donald Trump's Jerusalem move sparks Christian disputes |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2017/12/christianity-and-jerusalem |magazine=[[The Economist]] |access-date=December 9, 2017}}</ref>

White also supported Trump for his reelection. On June 18, 2020, when Trump launched his reelection campaign, she opened in prayer.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last1=Blair |first1=Leonardo |last2=Reporter |first2=Senior Features |date=2019-10-24 |title=Paula White: Christians will 'stand accountable before God' if they vote against Trump |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/paula-white-christians-will-stand-accountable-before-god-if-they-vote-against-trump.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Christian Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump's spiritual adviser seeks his protection from 'demonic networks' at reelection rally |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/06/19/paula-white-donald-trump-orlando-rally-demonic-networks/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> She further used her religious notoriety to seek votes on Trump's behalf. She warned that "Christians that don't support President Trump will have to answer to God".<ref name=":03" /> On November 4, 2020, one day after the election in which Trump was standing for his second term, White appeared in a Facebook Live stream in which she conducted a prayer service to secure Trump's reelection, repeatedly calling on "angelic reinforcement" from "angels" from Africa and South America as well as "an abundance of rain." This was after it became apparent from election results that Trump was losing to Biden. The video featured White leading the impassioned prayer that included [[speaking in tongues]]. It quickly went viral across the Internet and received much criticism and ridicule.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grantham-Philips |first1=Wyatte |title=Pastor Paula White calls on angels from Africa and South America to bring Trump victory |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/11/05/paula-white-trumps-spiritual-adviser-african-south-american-angels/6173576002/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=2020-11-05 |date=2020-11-05}}</ref>

At the rally preceding the [[Donald Trump#January 6 Capitol attack|January 6 Capitol attack]], she offered the opening prayer before Trump's speech.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the Christian right helped foment insurrection|periodical=Revealnews|publisher=Center for Investigative Reporting|url=https://revealnews.org/article/how-the-christian-right-helped-foment-insurrection/|url-status=|format=|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Sarah Posner|date=2021-01-31|language=en|pages=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rally on Electoral College Vote Certification|periodical=[[C-SPAN]]|publisher=|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?507744-1/rally-electoral-college-vote-certification|url-status=|format=Streaming-Video; 4:50 Stunden, Whites Gebet ab 5:10 Minuten|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=en|pages=|quote=}}</ref>