Orange County, California Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Indigenous === [[File:Portrait of Jose de Gracia Cruz, a San Juan Capistrano Mission Indian bell ringer, ca. June 1909.jpg|thumb|193x193px|[[José de Grácia Cruz]] was a [[Acjachemen]] man indigenous to the area that is now Orange County.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Haas |first=Lisbeth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45732484 |title=Conquests and historical identities in California, 1769-1936 |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91844-3 |edition=[Pbk. ed., 1996] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |pages=110, 134 |oclc=45732484 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080251/https://www.worldcat.org/title/45732484 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] Archeological evidence shows the area to have been inhabited beginning about 9,500 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Koerper |first1=Henry |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745176510 |title=Catalysts to complexity : late Holocene societies of the California coast |last2=Mason |first2=Roger |last3=Peterson |first3=Mark |date=2002 |publisher=Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA |others=Jon Erlandson, Terry L. Jones, Jeanne E. Arnold, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA |isbn=978-1-938770-67-8 |location=Los Angeles |pages=64 |oclc=745176510 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080309/https://www.worldcat.org/title/745176510 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of European contact, the northern area of what is now Orange County was primarily inhabited by the [[Tongva]], a part of [[Tovaangar]], while the southern area of the county, below [[Aliso Creek (Orange County)|Aliso Creek]], was primarily inhabited by the [[Acjachemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martínez |first=Roberta H. |author-link=Roberta H. Martinez |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/402526696 |title=Latinos in Pasadena |date=2009 |publisher=Arcadia |isbn=978-0-7385-6955-0 |location=Charleston, SC |pages=10 |oclc=402526696}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On Tovaangar {{!}} PRIME |url=https://prime.dailybruin.com/Tovaangar/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=On Tovaangar {{!}} PRIME |language=en |archive-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101064107/https://prime.dailybruin.com/Tovaangar/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Both groups lived in villages throughout the area. Large villages were sometimes [[multiethnic]] and [[Multilingualism|multilingual]], such as [[Genga, California|Genga]], located in what is now [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]]. The village was shared by the Tongva and Acjachemen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loewe |first=Ronald |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950751182 |title=Of sacred lands and strip malls : the battle for Puvungna |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-7591-2162-1 |location=Lanham, MD |pages=138 |oclc=950751182}}</ref> The village of [[Puhú]] was located in what is now [[Black Star Canyon]] and was shared by multiple groups, including the Tongva, Acjachemen, [[Serrano people|Serrano]] and [[Payomkawichum|Payómkawichum]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Tomczyk |first1=Weronika |last2=Acebo |first2=Nathan P. |date=2021-07-03 |title=Enduring Dimensions of Indigenous Foodways in the Southern Alta California Mountain Hinterlands |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1947461X.2021.1997515 |journal=California Archaeology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=171–201 |doi=10.1080/1947461X.2021.1997515 |s2cid=244551127 |issn=1947-461X |access-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206191005/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1947461X.2021.1997515 |url-status=live}}</ref> The mother village of the [[Acjachemen]] was [[Putiidhem]] and is now located in [[San Juan Capistrano, California|San Juan Capistrano]] underneath [[Junípero Serra Catholic High School|Junipero Serra Catholic High School]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Lewinnek |first=Elaine |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1226813397 |title=A people's guide to Orange County |date=2022 |others=Gustavo Arellano, Thuy Vo Dang |isbn=978-0-520-97155-4 |location=Oakland, California |pages=158 |oclc=1226813397}}</ref><ref name="lat">{{cite web |date=November 27, 2002 |title=New Church-Indian Divide |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-nov-27-ed-indian27-story.html |access-date=January 12, 2021 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125195145/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-nov-27-ed-indian27-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[Tongva]], north Orange County was at the southern extent of their village sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Greene |first1=Sean |last2=Curwen |first2=Thomas |title=Mapping the Tongva villages of L.A.'s past |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-tongva-map/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Los Angeles Times |date=May 9, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228031020/https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-tongva-map/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In coastal villages like [[Lupukngna]], at least 3,000 years old located in what is now [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]], villagers likely used [[te'aat]]s or plank boats to navigate the coastline, with fish and shellfish being more central to the diet.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=Olson Townhomes Development Project: Appendix D |url=https://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/government/departments/planning/major/files/Appendix-D-%E2%80%93-Phase-I-Cultural-Resources-Assessment-.pdf |journal=Sagecrest Planning |pages=11 |access-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214061725/https://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/government/departments/planning/major/files/Appendix-D-%E2%80%93-Phase-I-Cultural-Resources-Assessment-.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyQ3AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA4-PA112 |title=Delineation Drilling Activities in Federal Waters Offshore, Santa Barbara County: Environmental Impact Statement |year=2001 |pages=4-112–4-114 |access-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221063801/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyQ3AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA4-PA112 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In inland villages such as [[Hutuknga]], rabbit and [[mule deer]] were more central, in addition to acorns from [[California oak woodland|oak trees]] and seeds from grasses and sage bushes common everywhere.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Koerper |first1=Henry |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745176510 |title=Catalysts to Complexity: Late Holocene Societies of the California Coast |last2=Mason |first2=Roger |last3=Peterson |first3=Mark |date=2002 |publisher=Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA |others=Jon Erlandson, Terry L. Jones, Jeanne E. Arnold, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA |isbn=978-1-938770-67-8 |location=Los Angeles |pages=64–66, 79 |oclc=745176510 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080309/https://www.worldcat.org/title/745176510 |url-status=live}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page