Oklahoma

==History==
{{Main|History of Oklahoma}}

=== Settlements ===
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]] were present in what is now Oklahoma by the [[Quaternary glaciation|last ice age]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/2/80.02.07.x.html| first=Valerie| last=Palino| title=Early Man in North America: The Known to the Unknown| publisher=Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute| access-date=August 1, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816201109/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/2/80.02.07.x.html| archive-date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> Ancestors of the [[Wichita people|Wichita and Affiliated Tribes]] (including [[Teyas Indians|Teyas]] and [[Escanjaque Indians|Escanjaques]] and [[Tawakoni]]), [[Tonkawa]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Jon D. |title=Tonkawa (tribe) |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=TO003 |website=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |access-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref> and [[Caddo]] (including [[Kichai people|Kichai]]) lived in what is now Oklahoma. [[Southern Plains villagers]] lived in the central and west of the state, with a subgroup, the [[Panhandle culture]] people, living in the panhandle region. [[Caddoan Mississippian culture]] peoples lived in the eastern part of the state. [[Spiro Mounds]], in what is now [[Spiro, Oklahoma]], was a major [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]] mound complex that flourished between AD 850 and 1450.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007| url=http://www.myspiro.com/spiroMounds.asp|title= The Historic Spiro Mounds| publisher=Spiro Area Chamber of Commerce | access-date=August 1, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808234344/http://www.myspiro.com/spiroMounds.asp|archive-date=August 8, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rootsweb.com/~oknowata/PreHIn.htm|title= Prehistory of Oklahoma| publisher=rootsweb| access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> [[Plains Apache]] people settled in the Southern Plains and in Oklahoma between 1300 and 1500.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Blue |title=Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide |date=2009 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |isbn=978-0-8061-4060-5 |page=28}}</ref>

The expedition of Spaniard [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]] traveled through the state in 1541,<ref name="OK History">{{cite web | url=http://www.ok.gov/osfdocs/stinfo2.html|title= Oklahoma's History| publisher=Government of Oklahoma| access-date=August 1, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070726075125/http://www.ok.gov/osfdocs/stinfo2.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007 }}</ref> but French explorers claimed the area in the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rootsweb.com/~oknowata/FrSPEX.htm|title= French and Spanish Explorations| publisher=rootsweb |website=A Brief History of Oklahoma |first1=Ann |last1=Maloney | access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> By the 18th century, Comanche and Kiowa entered the region from the west and Quapaw and Osage peoples moved into what is now eastern Oklahoma. French colonists claimed the region until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was acquired by the United States in the [[Louisiana Purchase]].<ref name="OK History" /> The territory was a part of the [[Arkansas Territory]] from 1819 until 1828.<ref>{{cite book|title=Stories of Old-Time Oklahoma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uSaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |page=49|last1=Dary|first1=David|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|date=February 10, 2015|isbn=9780806151717}}</ref>

During the 19th century, the U.S. federal government forcibly removed tens of thousands of Native Americans from their homelands from across North America and transported them to the area including and surrounding present-day Oklahoma. The Choctaw was the first of the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] to be removed from the [[Southeastern United States]]. The phrase "[[Trail of Tears]]" originated from a description of the removal of the [[Choctaw]] Nation in 1831, although the term is usually used for the [[Cherokee]] removal.<ref name="len_green">
{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/trtears.htm| title = Choctaw Removal was really a "Trail of Tears"| access-date = April 28, 2008| author=Len Green|publisher=Bishinik, mboucher, University of Minnesota |date=November 1978 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604005108/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/trtears.htm<!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date = June 4, 2008}}</ref>

Seventeen thousand Cherokees and 2,000 of their black slaves were deported.<ref>Carter, Samuel (III) (1976). ''Cherokee sunset: A nation betrayed: a narrative of travail and triumph, persecution and exile''. New York: Doubleday, p. 232.</ref> The area, already occupied by [[Osage Nation|Osage]] and [[Quapaw]] tribes, was called for the [[Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma|Choctaw Nation]] until revised Native American and then later American policy redefined the boundaries to include other Native Americans. By 1890, more than 30 Native American nations and tribes had been concentrated on land within [[Indian Territory]] or "Indian Country".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.com/~cherokee/1890map.html|title=1890 Indian Territory Map|publisher=RootsWeb|access-date=May 6, 2009}}</ref>

All Five Civilized Tribes supported and signed treaties with the Confederate military during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morton|first=Ohland|year=1953|title=Confederate Government Relations with the Five Civilized Tribes|journal=Chronicles of Oklahoma|volume=31|issue=2|pages=189–204|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v031/v031p189.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201074014/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v031/v031p189.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2016}}</ref> The [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] had an internal civil war.<ref name="Native_American_Participation_Numbers">{{cite book|last=Rodman|first=Leslie|title=The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War|url=http://www.amtour.net/downloadable/The_5_Civilized_Tribes_in_the_Civil_War_a_Biographical_Essay.pdf|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723013312/http://www.amtour.net/downloadable/The_5_Civilized_Tribes_in_the_Civil_War_a_Biographical_Essay.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Slavery in Indian Territory was not abolished until 1866.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alton|last=Hornsby, Jr.|title=A Companion to African American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqIJ278VHuwC&pg=PA127|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-3735-5|page=127}}</ref>

In the period between 1866 and 1899,<ref name="OK History" /> cattle ranches in Texas strove to meet the demands for food in eastern cities and railroads in Kansas promised to deliver in a timely manner. [[Cattle drive|Cattle trails]] and cattle ranches developed as [[cowboy]]s either drove their product north or settled illegally in Indian Territory.<ref name="OK History" /> In 1881, four of five major cattle trails on the western frontier traveled through Indian Territory.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://genealogytrails.com/main/cattletrails1881map.html|title= Map of Cattle Drives in 1881| publisher=Genealogy Trails History Group| access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Indian reservations in Oklahoma prior to the Dawes Act of 1887.]]
Increased presence of white settlers in Indian Territory and their demand for land owned and guaranteed to Indian tribes by treaties with the U.S. government prompted the United States to enact the [[Dawes Act]] in 1887 and the [[Curtis Act of 1898]]. The acts abolished tribal governments, eliminated tribal ownership of land, and allotted {{cvt|160|acre|ha}} of land to each head of an Indian family. An objective of the acts was the forced assimilation of Indians into white society. Land not allotted to individual Indians was owned by the U.S. government and sold or distributed to settlers and railroads. The proceeds of the land sales were used to educate Indian children and advance the policy of assimilation. As a result of the two acts about one-half of land previously owned by Indian tribes was owned by whites by 1900.<ref>{{cite web | first=Robert|last=Hamilton|url=http://itech.fgcu.edu/&/issues/vol3/issue1/united.htm|title= United States and Native American Relations | publisher=Florida Gulf Coast University| access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> Moreover, much of the land allotted to individual Indian heads of families became white-owned. Allottees often sold or were fraudulently deprived of their land.<ref name="Case">{{cite book|author=Case DS, Voluck DA|year=2002|title=Alaska Natives and American Laws|edition=2nd|pages=104–105|location=Fairbanks, AK|publisher=University of Alaska Press|isbn=978-1-889963-08-2}}</ref>
     
The acquisition of tribal lands by the U.S. government led to [[land runs]], also called "land rushes," from 1887 and 1895. Major land runs, including the [[Land Rush of 1889]], opened up millions of acres of formerly tribal lands to white settlement. The "rushes" began at a precise times as each prospective settler literally raced with other prospective settlers to claim ownership of {{cvt|160|acre|ha}} of land under the [[Homestead Act of 1862]].  Usually land was claimed by settlers on a first come, first served basis.<ref>{{cite web|year=1999 |url=http://aaae.okstate.edu/proceedings/1999/Factors%20Influencing%20Enrollment.doc |title=Factors Influencing Enrollment in Agricultural Education Classes of Native American Students in Oklahoma |publisher=Oklahoma State University |format=DOC |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074216/http://aaae.okstate.edu/proceedings/1999/Factors%20Influencing%20Enrollment.doc |archive-date=August 8, 2007 }}</ref> Those who broke the rules by crossing the border into the territory before the official opening time were said to have been crossing the border ''sooner'', leading to the term ''[[sooners]]'', which eventually became the state's official nickname.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalcowboymuseum.org/research/r_virt_landrun5.html|title= Rushes to Statehood | publisher=National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum|access-date=August 1, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234602/http://www.nationalcowboymuseum.org/research/r_virt_landrun5.html|archive-date=September 26, 2007}}</ref> [[George Washington Steele]] was appointed the first governor of the territory of Oklahoma in 1890.

===20th and 21st centuries===
{{Main|Organic act#List of organic acts|Oklahoma Territory|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
[[File:Sequoyah map.jpg|thumb|A proposed map of the 'State of Sequoyah' compiled from the USGS Map of Indian Territory (1902)]]

Attempts to create an all-Indian state named ''Oklahoma'' and a later attempt to create an all-Indian state named ''[[State of Sequoyah|Sequoyah]]'' failed but the Sequoyah Statehood Convention of 1905 eventually laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma Statehood Convention, which took place two years later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.willrogers.com/new/articles/exhibits/Sequoyah_Centennial/Sequoyah_exhibit.html |title=Clem Rogers |publisher=Will Rogers Museum Association |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520025331/http://www.willrogers.com/new/articles/exhibits/Sequoyah_Centennial/Sequoyah_exhibit.html |archive-date=May 20, 2007 }}</ref> On June 16, 1906, Congress enacted [[Oklahoma Enabling Act|a statute authorizing the people of the Oklahoma and Indian Territories]] (as well what would become the states of [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]]) to form a constitution and state government in order to be admitted as a state.<ref>{{USStatute|59|233|35|267|1906|6|16|H.R.|16946}}</ref> On November 16, 1907, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] issued [[Presidential proclamation (United States)|Presidential Proclamation]] no. [[wikisource:Proclamation 780|780]], establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state in the Union.<ref>{{USStat|35|2160}}</ref>

The new state became a focal point for the emerging [[Petroleum industry|oil industry]], as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the "[[Oil Capital of the World]]" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.tulsalibrary.org/tulsahistory/communities.htm#tul| title= Tulsa Area History |publisher=Tulsa County Library| access-date=April 25, 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070108010448/http://www.tulsalibrary.org/tulsahistory/communities.htm| archive-date = January 8, 2007}}</ref> In 1927, Oklahoman businessman [[Cyrus Avery]], known as the "Father of Route 66", began the campaign to create [[U.S. Route 66]]. Using a stretch of highway from [[Amarillo, Texas]] to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the [[U.S. Highway 66 Association]] to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG02/carney/avery.html | title=The Father of Route 66 | publisher=[[University of Virginia]] | access-date=April 20, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623050651/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG02/carney/avery.html | archive-date=June 23, 2013 }}</ref>

In late September 1918, the first cases of the [[Spanish flu]]  appeared in Oklahoma. Though public health authorities statewide had some indication that the pandemic was  westward, the turmoil caused by the rapid advancement of the disease quickly overwhelmed both health workers and local governing bodies. In Oklahoma City, shortages of both supplies and personnel were mitigated, in part, by the mobilization of the American Red Cross. Rough estimates based on contemporary reports indicate that approximately 100,000 people fell ill with the disease before the pandemic ebbed in 1919. Of those 100,000 cases, it is assumed that around 7,500 proved fatal, placing total mortality rates for the state in the area of 7.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Spanish Influenza Pandemic in Oklahoma City |url=https://www.metrolibrary.org/archives/essay/2019/07/spanish-influenza-pandemic-oklahoma-city |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Metropolitan Library System |language=en}}</ref>

Oklahoma also has a rich [[African Americans in Oklahoma|African-American history]]. Many Black towns, founded by the Freedmen of the Five Tribes during Reconstruction, thrived in the early 20th century with the arrival of Black Exodusters who migrated from neighboring states, especially Kansas. The politician [[Edward P. McCabe]] encouraged Black settlers to come to what was then Indian Territory. McCabe discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt the possibility of making Oklahoma a majority-Black state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2012 |title=Oklahoma |url=https://purehistory.org/oklahoma/ |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=Pure History}}</ref>

By the early 20th century, the [[Greenwood, Tulsa|Greenwood]] district of [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] was one of the most prosperous African-American communities in the United States.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117786589.html?categoryid=32&cs=1 | title=The Tulsa Lynching of 1921: A Hidden Story | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Magazine]] | access-date=June 26, 2008 | first=Steven | last=Oxman | date=May 30, 2000 | archive-date=April 17, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417080734/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117786589.html?categoryid=32&cs=1 }}</ref> [[Jim Crow laws]] had established [[racial segregation]] since before the start of the 20th century, but Tulsa's Black residents had created a thriving area.<ref>{{citation |author=Oklahoma Commission |contribution=Final Report |title=Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 |place=Tulsa, Oklahoma |date=February 28, 2001 |contribution-url=http://www.okhistory.org/research/forms/freport.pdf |contribution-format=PDF |access-date=June 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602235628/http://www.okhistory.org/research/forms/freport.pdf |archive-date=June 2, 2018 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greenwoodculturalcenter.com/about-us|title=About Us|date=2019|website=Greenwood Cultural Center|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/20/us/tulsa-greenwood-massacre.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=Astor, Maggie|title=What to Know About the Tulsa Greenwood Massacre|date=June 20, 2020|access-date=June 21, 2020|archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620092642/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/20/us/tulsa-greenwood-massacre.html}}</ref>

Social tensions were exacerbated by the revival of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] after 1915. The [[Tulsa race massacre]] broke out in 1921, with White mobs attacking Black people and carrying out a [[pogrom]] in Greenwood. In one of the costliest episodes of [[Mass racial violence in the United States|racist violence in American history]], sixteen hours of rioting resulted in the destruction of 35 city blocks, $1.8 million in property damage, and an estimated death toll of between 75 and 300 people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ok-history.mus.ok.us/trrc/file1.pdf| title= Tulsa Race Riot, A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, February 28, 2001 |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society | access-date=June 10, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080624204404/http://www.ok-history.mus.ok.us/trrc/file1.pdf |archive-date = June 24, 2008}}</ref> By the late 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan had declined to negligible influence within the state.<ref>{{cite web|first=Larry |last=O'Dell |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KU001.html |title=Ku klux klan |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |access-date=June 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009193345/https://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KU001.html |archive-date=October 9, 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:Farmer walking in dust storm Cimarron County Oklahoma2.jpg|thumb|The [[Dust Bowl]] sent thousands of farmers into poverty during the 1930s.]]

During the 1930s, parts of the state began to suffer from the consequences of poor farming practices. This period was known as the [[Dust Bowl]], throughout which areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and [[northwestern Oklahoma]] were hampered by long periods of little rainfall, strong winds, abnormally high temperatures, and most notably, severe [[dust storm]]s sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States.<ref>{{cite web| date=August 5, 2005| url=http://www.ccccok.org/museum/dustbowl.html| title=1930s Dust Bowl| publisher=Cimarron County Chamber of Commerce| access-date=August 1, 2007| archive-date=July 7, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707060033/http://www.ccccok.org/museum/dustbowl.html}}</ref> Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.

[[Soil conservation|Soil]] and [[water conservation]] projects markedly changed practices in the state and led to the construction of massive flood control systems and dams; they built hundreds of reservoirs and man-made lakes to supply water for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation.<ref name="Oklahoma Terrain" /><ref>{{cite web|year=2007 |url=http://www.history.com/states.do?action=detail&state=OK&contentType=State_Generic&contentId=54146 |title=History of the States: Oklahoma, The Sooner State |publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|The History Channel]] |access-date=August 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010051625/http://www.history.com/states.do?action=detail&state=OK&contentType=State_Generic&contentId=54146 |archive-date=October 10, 2007 }}</ref>

[[File:Murrah Building - Aerial.jpg|thumb|left|The bombing of the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]] in Oklahoma City was one of the deadliest acts of terrorism in American history.]]

In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of the most destructive act of domestic terrorism in American history. The [[Oklahoma City bombing]] of April 19, 1995, in which [[Timothy McVeigh]] detonated a large, crude explosive device outside the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]], killed 168 people, including 19 children. For his crime, McVeigh was executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001. His accomplice, [[Terry Nichols]], is serving life in prison without parole for helping plan the attack and prepare the explosive.<ref>{{cite news | year=1996|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/OKC/bombing.html|title= Oklahoma City Tragedy | publisher=CNN| access-date=August 1, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070820160413/http://www.cnn.com/US/OKC/bombing.html|archive-date=August 20, 2007 }}</ref>

On May 31, 2016, several cities experienced [[May 2016 North American storm complex|record setting flooding]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sutton |first=Joe |url=http://www.kpax.com/story/32107818/seven-dead-after-record-setting-floods-in-texas-kansas |title=Seven dead after record-setting floods in Texas, Kansas—KPAX.com &#124; Continuous News &#124; Missoula & Western Montana |website=KPAX.com |date=April 28, 2016 |access-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235851/http://www.kpax.com/story/32107818/seven-dead-after-record-setting-floods-in-texas-kansas |archive-date=June 2, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/forecast/regional/news/plains-rain-flood-threat-wettest-may-ranking |title=Texas and Oklahoma Set All-Time Record Wet Month; Other May Rain Records Shattered in Arkansas, Nebraska |website=Weather.com |access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg|thumb|The former reservations of the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] in dispute in ''[[McGirt v. Oklahoma]]'']]

On July 9, 2020, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] determined in ''[[McGirt v. Oklahoma]]'' that the reservations of the Five Tribes, comprising much of Eastern Oklahoma, were never disestablished by Congress and thus are still "Indian Country" for the purposes of criminal law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/supreme-court-oklahoma-mcgirt-creek-nation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709142918/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/supreme-court-oklahoma-mcgirt-creek-nation.html |archive-date=2020-07-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Supreme Court Rules Nearly Half of Oklahoma is Indian Reservation |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 9, 2020 |access-date=July 9, 2020|last1=Healy |first1=Jack |last2=Liptak |first2=Adam }}</ref>

Later decisions by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals also found the Quapaw Nation,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newson6.com/story/617b31691202230bef62e0d1/oklahoma-court-upholds-tribal-sovereignty-for-quapaw-nation|title=Oklahoma Court Upholds Tribal Sovereignty for Quapaw Nation|access-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref> Ottawa Tribe, Peoria Tribe, and Miami Tribe<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kosu.org/news/2023-05-17/three-tribal-nations-in-northeast-oklahoma-have-reservation-statuses-recognized|title=Three Tribal Nations in Northeast Oklahoma Have Reservations Statuses Recognized|access-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref> also had existing reservations. The Osage Nation is still awaiting an appellate decision after a district judge ruled that the Osage reservation was disestablished.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/state/2022/09/03/oklahoma-judge-says-osage-nation-reservation-no-longer-exists-appeal-likely/65468495007/|title=Oklahoma judge says Osage reservation no longer exists|access-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref>