Nollywood

==Sub-industries==
===Nigerian cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Nigeria}}

{{Expand section|the other regional (Igbo, etc) film industries and the general English-language cinema |date=August 2015}}
Film-making in Nigeria is divided largely along regional, and marginally [[ethnic]] and [[religious]] lines. Thus, there are distinct film industries – each seeking to portray the concern of the particular section and ethnicity it represents. However, there is the English-language film industry which is a melting pot for filmmaking from most of the regional industries. {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Although the [[Igbo language]] film ''[[Living in Bondage]]'' by Kenneth Nnebue was the first massive nationwide hit of the videotape era,<ref>{{Citation 
| last = Onishi 
| first = Norimitsu 
| title = Step Aside, L.A. and Bombay, for Nollywood
| newspaper = The New York Times 
| date = 16 September 2002 
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/16/world/step-aside-la-and-bombay-for-nollywood.html
|access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref> most Igbo film makers prefer to make their movies in English. This leads to the paradox where some of the most popular and beloved actors in Nollywood like  [[Patience Ozokwor]] (Mama G), [[Chinedu Ikedieze]] and [[Osita Iheme]] (Aki and Pawpaw), [[Nkem Owoh]] (Osuofia), [[John Okafor]] (Mr. Ibu), [[Pete Edochie]], [[Kanayo O. Kanayo]] are ethnically [[Igbo people|Igbo]], but have mostly acted in English language movies. These actors occasionally sprinkle their movies with Igbo aphorisms and expressions (e.g. 'Chineke!', 'Tufiakwa!') but the vast majority of the dialogue is in English.

The [[Yoruba language|Yoruba-language]]{{clarify|date=February 2024}}<!--Most of the films listed below in this paragraph are, judging from their Wikipedia pages and their titles, in English and not in Yoruba. The linguistic situation doesn't seem to be different from that of Igbo cinema described in the preceding paragraph.--> cinema is one of the most impactful movie genres of Nigerian cinema, with most of its producers and actors based in the Western region of Nigeria. The [[movie genre]] began in Yorubaland specifically Lagos. The Yoruba-language cinema began as actors of various Yoruba traveling theatre groups began to take their works beyond the stage to delve into movie production using the Celluloid format, as far back as the mid-1960s. These practitioners are considered in some quarters to be the first true Nigerian filmmakers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yoruba Movies {{!}} Yoruba Films |url=http://yorubamovies.com.ng/ |access-date=17 July 2017 |website=Yoruba Movies |language=en-US}}</ref> Movies like ''[[Kongi's Harvest (film)|Kongi's Harvest]]'' (1972), ''Bull Frog in The Sun'' (1971), ''Bisi, Daughter of The River'' (1977), ''Jaiyesimi'' (1980), and ''Cry Freedom'' (1981) fall into this era of a blossoming Yoruba movie industry. Practitioners like [[Ola Balogun]], [[Duro Ladipo]] and [[Adeyemi Afolayan]] (Ade Love) played a significant role when they came out with "Ajani Ogun" in 1976. This film was one of the few huge success that helped put the Yoruba-language cinema on the map, and it was followed by other productions by [[Hubert Ogunde]] and others.<ref name=":0" /> One of the first blockbusters from Nigeria, came from the Yoruba language industry; a notable example is ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) by [[Moses Olaiya]] which grossed ₦107,000 (approx. 2015 ₦44.2&nbsp;million) in five days of its release. The modern film industry started with films such as, [[The Narrow Path (2006 film)|The Narrow Part]], which was also titled [[The White Handkerchief]] by [[Tunde Kelani]]. The stories were adapted from [[Bayo Adebowale]]'s book [[The Virgin (novel)|The Virgin]].

The [[Hausa-language cinema]], also known informally as ''Kannywood'', is also a sub-industry of Nollywood, mainly based in [[Kano (city)|Kano]]. The cinema, which is the largest in [[Northern Nigeria]], slowly evolved from the productions of RTV Kaduna and Radio Kaduna in the 1960s. Veterans like Dalhatu Bawa and Kasimu Yero pioneered drama productions that became popular with the Northern audience. The 1990s saw a dramatic change in the Northern Nigerian cinema, eager to attract more Hausa audience who find Bollywood movies more attractive, Kannywood; a cinematic synthesis of Indian and Hausa culture evolved and became extremely popular. ''Turmin Danya'' ("The Draw"), 1990, is usually cited as the first commercially successful Kannywood film. It was quickly followed by others like ''Gimbiya Fatima'' and ''Kiyarda Da Ni''.<ref name="sheme">{{cite web |last1=Sheme |first1=Ibrahim |title=Bahaushe Mai Ban Haushi |url=http://ibrahim-sheme.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/kannywood-luta-continua.html |access-date=8 February 2015 |website=Ibrahimsheme.blogspot.com}}</ref> Sunusi Shehu of ''Tauraruwa Magazine'' created the term "Kannywood" in 1999 and it soon became the popular reference term for the industry. By 2012, over 2000 film companies were registered with the Kano State Filmmakers Association.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gana |first=Babagana M. |date=1 June 2012 |title=Hausa-English code-switching in Kanywood Films. |journal=[[International Journal of Linguistics]] |url=http://business.highbeam.com/438565/article-1G1-304940604/hausaenglish-codeswitching-kanywood-films |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216052959/http://business.highbeam.com/438565/article-1G1-304940604/hausaenglish-codeswitching-kanywood-films |archive-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>

The [[Efik-language cinema]], also known as [[Callywood]] is also a sub-industry of Nollywood, mainly based in [[Calabar]] but also include the [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] and [[Annang]] cinema.  The establishment of [[The Divine Shield Film Academy]] and [[Valianticom Movie Academy]] in [[Calabar]]; and the establishment of [[Empire Film Academy]] in [[Uyo]] and a campus of [[Royal Arts Academy]] in [[Uyo]], the ''Efik/Ibibio/Annang'' cinema is heading into a bright future.

===Ghanaian English-language cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Ghana#Ghanaian actors abroad}}
Over the years the term Nollywood has also been used to refer to other affiliate film industries, such as the [[Cinema of Ghana|Ghanaian English-language cinema]]. Around the year 2006 through 2007, Nigerian filmmaker [[Frank Rajah Arase]] signed a contract with a Ghanaian production company, Venus Films, which involved helping to introduce Ghanaian actors into mainstream Nollywood. This collaboration eventually led to extreme popularity of certain Ghanaian actors, such as [[Van Vicker]], [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Majid Michel]], [[Yvonne Nelson]], [[John Dumelo]], [[Nadia Buari]] and [[Yvonne Okoro]], arguably as much as their Nigerian counterparts. Furthermore, over the years, due to the high cost of film production in Nigeria, Nigerian filmmakers have been forced to make films outside Lagos in order to cut costs, mirroring the exodus of filmmaking in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] from [[Los Angeles]] to cities like [[Toronto]] and [[Albuquerque]], a phenomenon known as [[runaway production]]. Several other producers, as a result, started shooting in cities like [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], channeling the savings into investing in better equipment, many of them trying to get their films onto the big screen.<ref name="Nollywood: Lights, camera, Africa">{{cite news | url=http://www.economist.com/node/17723124 | title=Nollywood: Lights, camera, Africa | work=The Economist | date=16 December 2010 | access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

===Nollywood USA===
{{Expand section|date=August 2017}}
Nollywood USA is a broad term, that is used to refer to Nigerian films made in the diaspora. Although they are popularly called ''Nollywood USA'', these movies can be shot in any non-African country. These films are typically made by Nigerian filmmakers living in the diaspora and they are typically made for the Nigerian audience.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanevents.com/nollywood-producers-guild-usa-kick-off-film-production-with-the-arrival-of-annie-macaulay-idibia/ |title=Nollywood Producers Guild USA Kick off Film Production With Arrival of Annie Macaulay Idibia }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2013 |title=Nollywood USA emerging |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/entertainment/nollywood-usa-emerging/13721.html}}</ref> Like the "Nollywood" term, the definition of "Nollywood USA" is vague.

Nollywood USA movies typically tell Nigerian stories, and they usually star established Nollywood actors, alongside upcoming Nigerian/African actors living in the diaspora.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=DeNeen |date=23 May 2013 |title=Nollywood USA: African Movie Makers Expand Filming to D.C. Area |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/nollywood-usa-african-movie-makers-expand-filming-to-dc-area/2013/05/22/c132bae6-b107-11e2-baf7-5bc2a9dc6f44_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/stolen-a-nollywood-usa-movie-by-robert-peters/ |title=Stolen, a Nollywood-USA movie by Robert Peters  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704204500/http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/stolen-a-nollywood-usa-movie-by-robert-peters/ |archive-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The movies usually have their premieres in Nigeria and they also sometimes secure national theatrical release like the regular Nollywood movies.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}