New Zealand

==History==
{{Main|History of New Zealand}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of New Zealand history}}
<!-- THIS SECTION IS A *SHORT SUMMARY* OF THE HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. PLEASE CONSIDER ADDING INFORMATION TO THE MAIN ARTICLE, [[HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND]], INSTEAD OF TO THIS SUMMARY. -->
[[File:Polynesian Migration.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Māori people]] descend from [[Polynesians]] whose ancestors emigrated from [[Taiwan]] to [[Melanesia]] between 3000 and 1000&nbsp;[[Common Era|BCE]] and then travelled east, reaching the [[Society Islands]] {{circa|1000 CE}}. After a pause of 200 to 300 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Atholl |author1-link=Atholl Anderson |last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |date=1993 |title=Late colonization of East Polynesia |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=67 |issue=255 |pages=200–217 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00045324 |s2cid=162638670 |issn=1745-1744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacomb |first1=Chris |last2=Anderson |first2=Atholl |author2-link=Atholl Anderson |last3=Higham |first3=Thomas |date=1999 |title=Dating the first New Zealanders: The chronology of Wairau Bar |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=73 |issue=280 |pages=420–427 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00088360 |s2cid=161058755 |issn=1745-1744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=J. M. |last2=Hunt |first2=T. L. |last3=Lipo |first3=C. P. |last4=Anderson |first4=A. J. |title=High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia |doi=10.1073/pnas.1015876108 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1815–20 |date=2010 |pmid=21187404 |pmc=3033267 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.1815W|doi-access=free }}</ref> |alt=One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to [[Hawai'i]]. A second set start in southern Asia and end in [[Melanesia]].]]New Zealand was the last major landmass settled by humans. The story of [[Kupe]] as the first human to set foot on the New Zealand archipelago, accredited to by most Māori iwi, is considered credible by historians; he is generally believed to have existed historically.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kupe |url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/10732 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=[[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]] |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718081924/https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/10732 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most histories claim that this occurred approximately 40 generations ago (between 900 and 1200 AD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kupe |url=https://archive.hokulea.com/ike/moolelo/kupe.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=archive.hokulea.com |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329054821/https://archive.hokulea.com/ike/moolelo/kupe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The more specific reasons for Kupe's semi-legendary journey, and the migration of Māori in general, are contested. It is thought by some historians that [[Hawaiki]] and other Polynesian islands were experiencing considerable internal conflict at that time, which is thought to have caused an exodus from them. Some historians contend that this was because of the fallout from the [[1257 Samalas eruption]], which caused crop devastation globally and possibly helped trigger the [[Little Ice Age]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=2: Tangata Whenua |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-aotearoa-history-show/story/2018716783/2-tangata-whenua |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224074455/https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-aotearoa-history-show/story/2018716783/2-tangata-whenua |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10347866 |title=Hemispheric black carbon increase after the 13th-century Māori arrival in New Zealand |journal=Nature |volume=598 |date=6 October 2021 |bibcode=2021Natur.598...82M |access-date=24 May 2023 |last1=McConnell |first1=Joseph R. |last2=Chellman |first2=Nathan J. |last3=Mulvaney |first3=Robert |last4=Eckhardt |first4=Sabine |last5=Stohl |first5=Andreas |last6=Plunkett |first6=Gill |last7=Kipfstuhl |first7=Sepp |last8=Freitag |first8=Johannes |last9=Isaksson |first9=Elisabeth |last10=Gleason |first10=Kelly E. |last11=Brugger |first11=Sandra O. |last12=McWethy |first12=David B. |last13=Abram |first13=Nerilie J. |last14=Liu |first14=Pengfei |last15=Aristarain |first15=Alberto J. |issue=7879 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03858-9 |pmid=34616056 |s2cid=238421371 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306074900/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10347866 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Radiocarbon dating]], evidence of [[deforestation]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McGlone |first1=M. |last2=Wilmshurst |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00067-6 |first2=J. M. |title=Dating initial Maori environmental impact in New Zealand |journal=Quaternary International |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=5–16 |date=1999 |bibcode= 1999QuInt..59....5M}}</ref> and [[mitochondrial DNA]] variability within [[Māori people|Māori]] populations<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray-McIntosh |first1=Rosalind P. |last2=Scrimshaw |first2=Brian J. |last3=Hatfield |first3=Peter J. |last4=Penny |first4=David |title=Testing migration patterns and estimating founding population size in Polynesia by using human mtDNA sequences |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=95 |issue=15 |pages=9047–52 |date=1998 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.15.9047 |pmid=9671802 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.9047M |pmc=21200|doi-access=free }}</ref> suggest that Eastern [[Polynesians]] first settled the New Zealand archipelago between 1250 and 1300,{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p= 6}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=J. M. |last2=Anderson |first2=A. J. |last3=Higham |first3=T. F. G. |last4=Worthy |first4=T. H. |title=Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801507105 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=105 |issue=22 |pages=7676–80 |date=2008 |pmid=18523023 |pmc=2409139 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.7676W|doi-access=free }}</ref> although newer [[Archaeology of New Zealand|archaeological]] and genetic research points to a date no earlier than about 1280, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacomb |first1=Chris |last2=Holdaway |first2=Richard N. |last3=Allentoft |first3=Morten E. |last4=Bunce |first4=Michael |last5=Oskam |first5=Charlotte L. |last6=Walter |first6=Richard |last7=Brooks |first7=Emma |date=2014 |title=High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=50 |pages=24–30 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.023 |bibcode=2014JArSc..50...24J |url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23310/ |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001040957/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23310/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=Richard |last2=Buckley |first2=Hallie |last3=Jacomb |first3=Chris |last4=Matisoo-Smith |first4=Elizabeth |title=Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=351–376 |doi=10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y |date=7 October 2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> consistent with evidence based on [[Whakapapa|genealogical traditions]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberton |first=J. B. W. |date=1956 |title=Genealogies as a basis for Maori chronology |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_65_1956/Volume_65,_No._1/Genealogies_as_a_basis_for_Maori_chronology,_by_J._B._W._Roberton,_p_45%9654/p1 |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310165840/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_65_1956/Volume_65%2C_No._1/Genealogies_as_a_basis_for_Maori_chronology%2C_by_J._B._W._Roberton%2C_p_45%EF%BF%BD54/p1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Te Hurinui |first=Pei |date=1958 |title=Maori genealogies |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=162–165 |url=http://jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_67_1958/Volume_67%2C_No._2/Maori_genealogies%2C_by_Pei_Te_Hurinui%2C_p_162-165/p1 |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212111816/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_67_1958/Volume_67,_No._2/Maori_genealogies,_by_Pei_Te_Hurinui,_p_162-165/p1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This represented a culmination in a long series of voyages through the Pacific islands.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1126/science.1166083 |last1= Moodley |first1=Y. |last2=Linz |first2=B. |last3=Yamaoka |first3=Y. |last4=Windsor |first4=H. M. |last5=Breurec |first5=S. |last6=Wu |first6=J.-Y. |last7=Maady |first7=A. |last8=Bernhöft |first8=S. |last9=Thiberge |first9=J.-M. |last10=Phuanukoonnon |first10=S. |last11=Jobb |first11=G. |last12=Siba |first12=P. |last13=Graham |first13=D. Y. |last14=Marshall |first14=B. J. |last15=Achtman |first15=M. |display-authors=3 |title=The Peopling of the Pacific from a Bacterial Perspective |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=323 |issue=5913 |pages=527–530 |date=2009 |pmid=19164753 |pmc=2827536 |bibcode=2009Sci...323..527M}}</ref> It is the broad consensus of historians that the settlement of New Zealand by [[Polynesian people|Eastern Polynesians]] was planned and deliberate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walter |first1=Richard |last2=Buckley |first2=Hallie |last3=Jacomb |first3=Chris |last4=Matisoo-Smith |first4=Elizabeth |date=1 December 2017 |title=Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=351–376 |doi=10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y |s2cid=254743326 |issn=1573-7802|doi-access=free }}</ref> Over the centuries that followed, the Polynesian settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population formed different {{lang|mi|[[iwi]]|italics=no}} (tribes) and {{lang|mi|[[hapū]]|italics=no}} (subtribes) which would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ballara |first1=Angela |author1-link=Angela Ballara |title=Iwi: The Dynamics of Māori Tribal Organisation from c. 1769 to c. 1945 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Victoria University Press]] |location=Wellington |isbn=9780864733283 |edition=1st}}</ref> At some point, a group of Māori migrated to {{lang|mi|Rēkohu}}, now known as the [[Chatham Islands]], where they developed their distinct [[Moriori]] culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Ross |chapter=Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence |date=1994 |editor-last=Sutton |editor-first=Douglas |title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders |location=Auckland |publisher=[[Auckland University Press]] |pages=123–135}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4 |chapter=The impact of new arrivals |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |last=Davis |first=Denise |date=September 2007 |access-date=30 April 2010 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204452/https://teara.govt.nz/en/Moriori/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862 in the [[Moriori genocide]], largely because of [[Taranaki (iwi)|Taranaki]] Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862, only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Denise |last1=Davis |first2=Māui |last2=Solomon |chapter=Moriori – The impact of new arrivals |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4 |access-date=23 March 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204452/https://teara.govt.nz/en/Moriori/4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Cook chart of New Zealand.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his [[First voyage of James Cook|first visit]] in 1769–70. The track of the ''[[HMS Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' is also shown.|alt=An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background]]

In a hostile 1642 encounter between [[Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri]] and Dutch explorer [[Abel Tasman]]'s crew,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mitchell|first1=Hillary|title=Te Tau Ihu|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-tau-ihu-tribes|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=15 September 2016|date=10 February 2015|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828130409/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-tau-ihu-tribes|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p=23}} four of Tasman's crew members were killed, and at least one Māori was hit by [[canister shot]].<ref>{{cite book |page=82 |title=Two Worlds: First Meetings Between Maori and Europeans 1642–1772 |author-link=Anne Salmond (historian) |first=Anne |last=Salmond |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Auckland |isbn=0-670-83298-7 |date=1991}}</ref> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769, when British explorer [[James Cook]] mapped almost the entire coastline.{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p=23}} Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and [[North America]]n [[History of whaling|whaling]], [[Seal hunting|sealing]], and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons, and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts, and water.{{sfn|King|2003|p=122}} The introduction of the potato and the [[musket]] transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick |first=John |date=2004 |title=Food, warfare and the impact of Atlantic capitalism in Aotearo/New Zealand |journal=Australasian Political Studies Association Conference: APSA 2004 Conference Papers |url= https://www.adelaide.edu.au/apsa/docs_papers/Others/Fitzpatrick.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142553/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/apsa/docs_papers/Others/Fitzpatrick.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> The resulting intertribal [[Musket Wars]] encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<ref>{{Cite book |first= Barry |last=Brailsford |title=Arrows of Plague |location=Wellington |date=1972 |page=35 |publisher=Hick Smith and Sons |isbn=0-456-01060-2}}</ref> From the early 19th century, Christian [[Missionary|missionaries]] began to settle New Zealand, eventually [[Religious conversion|converting]] most of the Māori population.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Brock |editor-first=Peggy |title=Indigenous Peoples and Religious Change |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]] |chapter=Broken Tongues and Foreign Hearts |last=Wagstrom |first=Thor |location=Boston |date=2005 |isbn=978-90-04-13899-5 |pages=71 and 73}}</ref> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<ref>{{cite book |title=May the people live: a history of Māori health development 1900–1920 |first=Raeburn |last=Lange |publisher=[[Auckland University Press]] |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-86940-214-3 |page=18}}</ref>

[[File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Waitangi sheet from the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]|alt=A torn sheet of paper]]
The [[Resident minister|British Government]] appointed [[James Busby]] as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832.<ref name="Busby">{{cite book |chapter=Busby, James – Biography |first=Claudia |last=Orange |author-link=Claudia Orange |date=1990<!--Each article in this work is individually dated.--> |title=[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]], Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |editor1-first=W. H. |editor1-last=Oliver |editor1-link=W. H. Oliver |editor2-first=Claudia |editor2-last=Orange |editor3-first=Jock |editor3-last=Phillips |editor3-link=Jock Phillips |chapter-url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b54/busby-james |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627165152/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b54/busby-james |url-status=live }}</ref> His duties, given to him by Governor Bourke in Sydney, were to protect settlers and traders "of good standing", prevent "outrages" against Māori, and apprehend escaped convicts.<ref name="Busby" /><ref>{{cite web |title=First British Resident comes ashore |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/james-busby-inaugurated-british-resident |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=19 October 2021 |language=en |date=24 December 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018233248/https://www.nzhistory.govt.nz/james-busby-inaugurated-british-resident |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by [[Charles de Thierry]], the nebulous [[United Tribes of New Zealand]] sent a [[Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand|Declaration of Independence]] to King [[William IV of the United Kingdom]] asking for protection.<ref name="Busby"/> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the [[New Zealand Company]] (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the [[Colonial Office]] to send Captain [[William Hobson]] to claim sovereignty for the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Sir George Gipps |first=Bernard John |last=Foster |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |orig-year=1966 |editor-first=Alexander Hare |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |date=April 2009 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/gipps-sir-george/1 |via=TeAra.govt.nz |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117015416/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/gipps-sir-george/1 |url-status=live }}<!--This article has no equivalent in the new Te Ara encylopedia, as of 2021-03.--></ref> The [[Treaty of Waitangi]] was first signed in the [[Bay of Islands]] on 6 February 1840.<ref name="Wilson2009">{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |chapter=Nation and government – The origins of nationhood |orig-year=2005 |date=16 September 2016 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Jock |editor-last=Phillips |editor-link=Jock Phillips |chapter-url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-1 |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222233/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in [[Wellington]],<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Settlement from 1840 to 1852 |author=<!--No individual author specified.--> |orig-year=1966 |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Alexander Hare |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |date=April 2009 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/land-settlement/3 |via=TeAra.govt.nz |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120200926/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/land-settlement/3 |url-status=live }}<!--This article has no exact equivalent in the new Te Ara encyclopedia, but there may be a more up-to-date-scholarship article there that covers this.--></ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Akaroa, French Settlement At |first=Bernard John |last=Foster |orig-year=1966 |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Alexander Hare |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |date=April 2009 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/akaroa-french-settlement-at/1 |via=TeAra.govt.nz |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120154314/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/akaroa-french-settlement-at/1 |url-status=live }}<!--This article has no exact equivalent in the new Te Ara encyclopedia, but there may be a more up-to-date-scholarship article there that covers this.--></ref> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Hobson, William – Biography |first=K. A. |last=Simpson |date=1990 |title=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |editor1-first=W. H. |editor1-last=Oliver |editor1-link=W. H. Oliver |editor2-first=Claudia |editor2-last=Orange |editor2-link=Claudia Orange |editor3-first=Jock |editor3-last=Phillips |editor3-link=Jock Phillips |chapter-url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1h29/hobson-william |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820074742/https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1h29/hobson-william |url-status=live }}</ref> With the signing of the treaty and declaration of sovereignty, the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=History of immigration – British immigration and the New Zealand Company |first=Jock |last=Phillips |author-link=Jock Phillips |orig-year=2005 |date=1 August 2015 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Jock |editor-last=Phillips |chapter-url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration/page-3 |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310083655/https://teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration/page-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Zealand was administered as a dependency of the [[Colony of New South Wales]] until becoming a separate [[Crown colony]], the [[Colony of New Zealand]], on 3 May 1841.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown colony era – the Governor-General |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=March 2009 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302210954/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Moon |title=New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents |author-link=Paul Moon |publisher=AUT Media |year=2010 |page=66|isbn=978-0-95829971-8}}</ref> Armed conflict began between the colonial government and Māori in 1843 with the [[Wairau Affray]] over land and disagreements over sovereignty. These conflicts, mainly in the North Island, saw thousands of imperial troops and the Royal Navy come to New Zealand and became known as the [[New Zealand Wars]]. Following these armed conflicts, large areas of [[New Zealand land confiscations|Māori land were confiscated by the government]] to meet settler demands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/new-zealands-19th-century-wars/introduction |title=New Zealand's 19th-century wars – overview |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=April 2009 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114212246/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/new-zealands-19th-century-wars/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:1863 Meeting of Settlers and Maoris at Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A meeting of European and Māori residents of [[Hawke's Bay Province]]. Engraving, 1863.|alt=Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people]]

The colony gained a [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852|representative government in 1852]], and the [[1st New Zealand Parliament|first Parliament]] met in 1854.<ref name="G and N">{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |editor-first=Jock |editor-last=Phillips |chapter=Government and nation – From colony to nation |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=16 September 2016 |orig-year=2005 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-2 |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121258/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters (except [[Indigenous peoples|native]] policy, which was granted in the mid-1860s).<ref name="G and N" /> Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier [[Alfred Domett]] moved a resolution to transfer the [[Capital of New Zealand|capital]] from Auckland to a locality near [[Cook Strait]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Temple |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Temple |title=Wellington Yesterday |date=1980 |publisher=John McIndoe |isbn=0-86868-012-5|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Levine |first1=Stephen |title=Capital city – A new capital |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/capital-city/page-3 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=4 May 2015 |date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505170521/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/capital-city/page-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wellington was chosen for its central location, with Parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament moves to Wellington |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/parliament-sits-for-the-first-time-in-wellington |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=27 April 2017 |date=January 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425175533/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/parliament-sits-for-the-first-time-in-wellington |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1886, New Zealand annexed the volcanic [[Kermadec Islands]], about {{cvt|1000|km}} northeast of Auckland. Since 1937, the islands are uninhabited except for about six people at [[Raoul Island]] station. These islands put the northern border of New Zealand at 29 degrees South latitude.<ref name=ENZ1966>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kermadec Islands |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, Te Ara |editor-first=A. H. |editor-last=McLintock |year=1966 |last=Jobberns |first=George |author-link=George Jobberns |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/kermadec-islands |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319004030/https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/kermadec-islands |url-status=live }}</ref> After the 1982 [[UNCLOS]], the islands contributed significantly to New Zealand's [[Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand|exclusive economic zone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pacific Island Exclusive Economic Zones |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/map/6964/pacific-island-exclusive-economic-zones |website=TEARA |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024211306/https://teara.govt.nz/en/map/6964/pacific-island-exclusive-economic-zones |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1891 the [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] came to power as the first organised political party.<ref name="Liberal">{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |chapter=History – Liberal to Labour |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/page-5 |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192640/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/page-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Liberal Government of New Zealand|Liberal Government]], led by [[Richard Seddon]] for most of its period in office,<ref>{{DNZB |last=Hamer |first=David |id=2s11 |title= Seddon, Richard John |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> passed many important social and economic measures. In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all [[Women's suffrage in New Zealand|women the right to vote]]<ref name="Liberal" /> and in 1894 pioneered the [[Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894|adoption of compulsory arbitration]] between employers and unions.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Peter |last1=Boxall |first2=Peter |last2=Haynes |title=Strategy and Trade Union Effectiveness in a Neo-liberal Environment |date=1997 |journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=567–591 |doi=10.1111/1467-8543.00069 |url= http://www.gurn.info/en/topics/global-trade-union-strategies-union-renewal/organizational-innovation-and-change/industrial-relations-and-labour-regulations-affecting-unions2019-structure/strategy-and-trade-union-effectiveness-in-a-neo-liberal-environment |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134417/http://www.gurn.info/en/topics/global-trade-union-strategies-union-renewal/organizational-innovation-and-change/industrial-relations-and-labour-regulations-affecting-unions2019-structure/strategy-and-trade-union-effectiveness-in-a-neo-liberal-environment |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> The Liberals also guaranteed a minimum wage in 1894, a world first.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A brief history of the minimum wage in New Zealand |language=en |work=Newshub |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2018/12/a-brief-history-of-the-minimum-wage-in-new-zealand.html |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095546/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2018/12/a-brief-history-of-the-minimum-wage-in-new-zealand.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King [[Edward VII]] proclaimed New Zealand a [[Dominion of New Zealand|Dominion]] within the [[British Empire]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 28058|date= 10 September 1907|page= 6149|title=Proclamation}}</ref> reflecting its self-governing status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dominion status – Becoming a dominion |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/dominion-day/becoming-dominion |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=26 April 2017 |date=September 2014 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614164016/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/dominion-day/becoming-dominion |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1947, New Zealand [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947|adopted]] the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]], confirming that the [[British Parliament]] could no longer legislate for the country without its consent. The British government's residual legislative powers were later removed by the [[Constitution Act 1986]], and final rights of appeal to British courts were abolished in 2003.<ref name="G and N" />

Early in the 20th century, New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting in the [[Military history of New Zealand during World War I|First]] and [[Military history of New Zealand during World War II|Second World Wars]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war-and-society |title=War and Society |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109201601/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref> and suffering through the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Easton |author-link=Brian Easton (economist) |chapter=Economic history – Interwar years and the great depression |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=April 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/7 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516031039/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/7 |url-status=live }}</ref> The depression led to the election of the [[First Labour Government of New Zealand|first Labour Government]] and the establishment of a comprehensive [[welfare state]] and a [[protectionist]] economy.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Derby |chapter=Strikes and labour disputes – Wars, depression and first Labour government |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=May 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/strikes-and-labour-disputes/6 |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-date=23 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123070622/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/strikes-and-labour-disputes/6 |url-status=live }}</ref> New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following the Second World War,<ref>{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Easton |chapter=Economic history – Great boom, 1935–1966 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=November 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/9 |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516031023/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/9 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.<ref>{{cite book |first=Basil |last=Keane |chapter=Te Māori i te ohanga – Māori in the economy – Urbanisation |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=November 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-maori-i-te-ohanga-maori-in-the-economy/6 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516031007/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-maori-i-te-ohanga-maori-in-the-economy/6 |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Māori protest movement]] developed, which criticised [[Eurocentrism]] and worked for greater recognition of [[Māori culture]] and of the Treaty of Waitangi.<ref>{{cite book |first=Te Ahukaramū |last=Royal |chapter=Māori – Urbanisation and renaissance |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |access-date=1 February 2011 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori/5 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153741/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori/5 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1975, a [[Waitangi Tribunal]] was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.<ref name="Wilson2009" /> The government has negotiated [[Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements|settlements of these grievances]] with many iwi,<ref>{{cite book |title=Healing the Past, Building a Future: A Guide to Treaty of Waitangi Claims and Negotiations with the Crown |url= https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Red-Book-Healing-the-past-building-a-future.pdf |publisher=[[Office of Treaty Settlements]] |isbn= 978-0-478-32436-5 |access-date=26 April 2017 |date=March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180127162705/https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Red-Book-Healing-the-past-building-a-future.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref> although [[New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy|Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed]] proved controversial in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite report |title=Report on the Crown's Foreshore and Seabed Policy |url=https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/WT/reports/reportSummary.html?reportId=wt_DOC_68000605 |publisher=[[Minister of Justice (New Zealand)|Ministry of Justice]] |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201121940/https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/WT/reports/reportSummary.html?reportId=wt_DOC_68000605 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barker |first1=Fiona |chapter=Debate about the foreshore and seabed |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/video/34605/debate-about-the-foreshore-and-seabed |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=26 April 2017 |date=June 2012 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718081852/https://teara.govt.nz/en/video/34605/debate-about-the-foreshore-and-seabed |url-status=live }}</ref>