New York City

== History ==
{{Main|History of New York City|Timeline of New York City}}
{{Further|History of Manhattan|Timeline of Brooklyn |Timeline of Queens|Timeline of the Bronx|Timeline of Staten Island}}

=== Early history ===
{{Main|History of New York City (prehistory–1664)}}
In the [[pre-Columbian era]], the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]]s, including the [[Lenape]]. Their homeland, known as [[Lenapehoking]], included the present-day areas of [[Staten Island]], [[Manhattan]], [[the Bronx]], the western portion of [[Long Island]] (including [[Brooklyn]] and [[Queens]]), and the [[Lower Hudson Valley]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Evan T. |last = Pritchard |year = 2002 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c5hky9f5PgoC&pg=PA27 |title = Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin people of New York |page = 27 |publisher = Council Oak Books |isbn = 1-57178-107-2 }}</ref>

The first documented visit into [[New York Harbor]] by a European was in 1524 by [[Giovanni da&nbsp;Verrazzano]], an explorer from [[Florence]] in the service of the [[Kingdom of France|French crown]].<ref name="Debo2013">{{cite book |first = Angie |last = Debo |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pLjYpwiuN_wC&pg=PT28 |title = A History of the Indians of the United States |publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]] |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-0-8061-8965-9 |page = 28 }}</ref> He claimed the area for France and named it ''Nouvelle Angoulême'' (New [[Angoulême]]).<ref name="rodgers">{{cite book |last1 = Rankin |first1 = Rebecca B. |url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262 |title = New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |last2 = Rodgers |first2 = Cleveland |publisher = [[Harper (publisher)|Harper]] |year = 1948 }}</ref> A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain [[Estêvão Gomes]] sailing for [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles&nbsp;V]], arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the [[Hudson River]], which he named {{lang|es|Río de San Antonio}} ('Saint Anthony's River').<ref>{{cite book |author = WPA Writer's Project |title = A Maritime History of New York |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC |page = 246 |publisher = Going Coastal Productions |year = 2004 |isbn = 0-9729803-1-8 }}</ref>

In 1609, the English explorer [[Henry Hudson]] rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the [[Northwest Passage]] to the [[Orient]] for the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref name="Lankevich2002">{{cite book |first = George J. |last = Lankevich |url = https://archive.org/details/newyorkcity00geor |title = New York City: A Short History |publisher = [[NYU Press]] |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-0-8147-5186-2 |page = [https://archive.org/details/newyorkcity00geor/page/2 2] |url-access = registration }}</ref> He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch called [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]] (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the ''Mauritius'' after [[Maurice, Prince of Orange]]. Hudson's [[Chief mate|first mate]] described the harbor as "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river as "a mile broad" and "full of fish."<ref name="hudsonnni">{{cite web |title = The Hudson River |url = http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/hudson-river/ |access-date = July 10, 2016 |publisher = [[New Netherland Institute]] }}</ref>

Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between [[Cape Cod]] and [[Delaware Bay]] was claimed by the Netherlands and called {{lang|nl|Nieuw-Nederland}} ('[[New Netherland]]'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City was [[Juan (Jan) Rodriguez|Juan Rodriguez]], a merchant from [[Captaincy General of Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]] who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for [[Fur|pelts]] and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch colonists.<ref>{{cite news |last = Roberts |first = Sam |date = October 2, 2012 |title = Honoring a Very Early New Yorker |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/honoring-a-very-early-new-yorker/ |access-date = October 28, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date = May 14, 2013 |title = CUNY DSI Publishes Monograph on New York's First Immigrant |url = https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/juan-rodriguez-monograph |access-date = May 16, 2020 |publisher = [[The City College of New York]] }}</ref>

=== Dutch rule ===
{{Main|New Amsterdam|Fort Amsterdam|New Netherland}}
{{multiple image
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 | image1    = Stad Amsterdam in Nieuw Nederland (City Amsterdam in New Netherland) Castello Plan 1660.jpg
 | caption1  = The [[Castello Plan]], a 1660 map of [[New Amsterdam]] in [[Lower Manhattan]]

 | image2    = GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg
 | caption2  = [[New Amsterdam]], centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year [[British colonization of the Americas|England]] took control and renamed it New York
}}

A permanent European presence near [[New York Harbor]] was established in 1624, making New York the [[List of North American settlements by year of foundation|12th-oldest continuously occupied]] European-established settlement in the [[continental United States]], with the founding of a Dutch [[Fur trade|fur trading]] settlement on [[Governors Island]]. In 1625, construction was started on a [[citadel]] and [[Fort Amsterdam]], later called ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm Dutch Colonies], [[National Park Service]]. Retrieved May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."</ref><ref name="Tolerance">[http://www.tolerancepark.org/id2.html GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance], Tolerance Park. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.</ref>

The colony of New Amsterdam was centered on what became [[Lower Manhattan]]. Its area extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day [[Wall Street]], where a {{Convert|12|ft|adj=on}} wooden [[stockade]] was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/crash-selected-wall-street-chronology/ |title = Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology |publisher = [[PBS]] |access-date = October 28, 2021 }}</ref> In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General [[Peter Minuit]], acting as charged by the [[Dutch West India Company]], purchased the island of Manhattan from the ''Canarsie'', a small Lenape band,<ref>{{cite book |first1 = Frederick M. |last1 = Binder |first2 = David M. |last2 = Reimers |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC |title = All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City |page = 4 |year = 1996 |isbn = 0-231-07879-X |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] }}</ref> for "the value of 60 [[Dutch guilder|guilders]]"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.s4ulanguages.com/laet2.html |title = Pieter Schaghen Letter |year = 1626 |quote = "...&nbsp;hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen.&nbsp;..." ("...&nbsp;They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size&nbsp;...) |access-date = October 28, 2021 |website = S4ulanguages.com }}</ref> (about $900 in 2018).<ref>{{cite web |title = Value of the Guilder versus Euro |url = http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php |access-date = July 25, 2019 |publisher = [[International Institute of Social History]] }}</ref> A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.<ref>{{cite web |title = Peter Schaghen Letter |url = http://www.nnp.org/nnp/documents/schagen_main.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101023083225/http://www.nnp.org/nnp/documents/schagen_main.html |archive-date = October 23, 2010 |access-date = October 28, 2010 |publisher = Nnp.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Miller |first1 = Christopher L. |last2 = Hamell |first2 = George R. |date = September 1986 |title = A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |journal = [[The Journal of American History]] |volume = 73 |issue = 2 |pages = 311–328 |doi = 10.2307/1908224 |jstor = 1908224 }}</ref>

Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.<ref name="npsnetherland">{{cite web |title = Dutch Colonies |url = https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm |access-date = July 10, 2016 |publisher = [[National Park Service]] }}</ref> To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the [[Patroon|patroon system]] in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (''patroons'', or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swaths of land, along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.<ref name="locnetherland">{{cite web |title = The Patroon System |url = http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/awkbhtml/kb-1/kb-1-2-2.html |access-date = July 10, 2016 |publisher = [[Library of Congress]] }}</ref>

Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a [[monopoly]] in New Netherland, on authority granted by the [[States General of the Netherlands|Dutch States General]]. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the [[Netherlands Antilles|Dutch West Indies]]).<ref name="npsnetherland" /><ref name="nahcnetherland">{{cite web |title = The Story of New Amsterdam |url = http://www.newamsterdamhistorycenter.org/bios/origins.html |access-date = July 10, 2016 |publisher = New Amsterdam History Center }}</ref>

In 1647, [[Peter Stuyvesant]] began his tenure as the last [[Director-General of New Amsterdam|Director-General]] of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.<ref>{{cite book |last = Jacobs |first = Jaap |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vgnh3E5Mm0cC |title = The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America |publisher = [[Cornell University Press]] |year = 2009 |page = 32 |isbn = 978-0801475160 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Eisenstadt |first1 = Peter |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tmHEm5ohoCUC&q=New+Amsterdam+grew+from+under+2,000+to+8,000&pg=PA1051 |title = The Encyclopedia of New York State |last2 = Moss |first2 = Laura-Eve |last3 = Huxley |first3 = Carole F. |publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]] |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-8156-0808-0 |page = 1051 }}</ref> Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order in the colony; however, he earned a reputation as a [[despotism|despotic]] leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], and blocked other religious groups (including [[Quakers]], [[Jews]], and [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]]) from establishing houses of worship.<ref name="nyhsstuyvesant">{{cite web |title = Peter Stuyvesant |url = http://www.nyhistory.org/peter-stuyvesant |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160624011523/http://www.nyhistory.org/peter-stuyvesant |archive-date = June 24, 2016 |access-date = July 11, 2016 |publisher = [[New-York Historical Society]] |url-status = dead }}</ref> The Dutch West India Company attempted to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam.<ref name="nnistuyvesant">{{cite web |title = Peter Stuyvesant |url = http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/peter-stuyvesant/ |access-date = July 11, 2016 |publisher = [[New Netherland Institute]] }}</ref>

=== English rule ===
{{Main|Province of New York|History of New York City (1665–1783)}}
{{multiple image
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 | direction = vertical
 | width     = 220

 | image1    = The fall of New Amsterdam cph.3g12217.jpg
 | caption1  = ''[[The Fall of New Amsterdam]]'' by [[Jean Leon Gerome Ferris]], part of the [[Conquest of New Netherland]]

 | image2    = A_view_of_Fort_George_with_the_city_of_New_York,_from_the_SW.jpg
 | caption2  = [[Fort Amsterdam|Fort George]] and New York with British Navy [[Ship of the line|ships of the line]] {{Circa|1731}}

}}

In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel [[Richard Nicolls]], without bloodshed.<ref name="nyhsstuyvesant" /><ref name="nnistuyvesant" /> The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.<ref name="lehrmanstuyvesant">{{cite web |title = The surrender of New Netherland, 1664 |url = http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/early-settlements/resources/surrender-new-netherland-1664 |access-date = July 11, 2016 |publisher = [[Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]] }}</ref>

In 1667, during negotiations leading to the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]] after the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now [[Suriname]] on the northern South American coast, which they had gained from the English;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Breda |title = Treaty of Breda |encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date = July 10, 2016 }}</ref> and in return, the English kept New Amsterdam. The fledgling settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII).<ref>{{cite book |last = Homberger |first = Eric |title = The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History |publisher = Owl Books |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-8050-7842-8 |page = 34 }}</ref> After the founding, the duke gave part of the colony to proprietors [[George Carteret]] and [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]]. [[Fort Orange]], {{convert|150|mi|km}} north on the Hudson River, was renamed [[Albany, New York|Albany]] after James's Scottish title.<ref>{{cite book |last = Miller |first = John |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=McEJCAAAQBAJ |title = James II (The English Monarchs Series) |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-300-08728-4 |pages = 44–45 }}</ref>

On August 24, 1673, during the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], [[Anthony Colve]] of the Dutch navy [[Dutch Raid on North America|seized New York from the English]] at the behest of [[Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest]] and rechristened it "New Orange" after [[William III of England|William&nbsp;III]], the [[Prince of Orange]].<ref name="Roper2017">{{cite book |first = L. H. |last = Roper |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i8wnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |title = Advancing Empire |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-1-107-11891-1 |page = 215 }}</ref> The Dutch soon returned the island to England under the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] of November 1674.<ref>{{cite news |last = Van Luling |first = Todd |date = April 17, 2014 |title = 8 Things Even New Yorkers Don't Know About New York City |work = [[HuffPost]] |url = https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/new-york-history-facts_n_5107337.html |access-date = September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Peter |last = Douglas |title = The Man Who Took Back New Netherland |url = http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/files/2813/5680/0659/Man_Who_Took_Back_NN.pdf |access-date = July 11, 2016 |publisher = [[New Netherland Institute]] |archive-date = July 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220708102432/http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/files/2813/5680/0659/Man_Who_Took_Back_NN.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some [[epidemic]]s brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.penntreatymuseum.org/americans.php |title = Native Americans |publisher = Penn Treaty Museum |access-date = October 29, 2021 }}</ref> By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.<ref>[http://www.gothamcenter.org/ "Gotham Center for New York City History"] Timeline 1700–1800</ref> New York experienced several [[yellow fever]] epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.<ref>{{cite web |first = Pedro |last = Nogueira |url = http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=yellow_fever_symposium |title = The Early History of Yellow Fever (PDF) |publisher = [[Thomas Jefferson University]] |year = 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/fever-timeline-yellow-fever-america/ |title = Timeline – Yellow Fever in America |publisher = [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS) |access-date = October 30, 2021 }}</ref>

In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a [[port|trading port]] while as a part of the [[Province of New York|colony of New York]].<ref name="Foote2004">{{cite book |first = Thelma Wills |last = Foote |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu4VfJPRsl4C&pg=PA68 |title = Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]], US |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-19-508809-0 |page = 68 }}</ref> It became a center of [[Slavery in the colonial United States|slavery]], with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Oltman |first = Adele |date = October 24, 2005 |title = The Hidden History of Slavery in New York |url = http://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york# |journal = [[The Nation]] |access-date = July 9, 2013 |archive-date = November 30, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191130043006/https://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Most cases were that of [[House slave|domestic slavery]]; others were hired out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the [[Southern United States|American South]]. During construction in [[Foley Square]] in the 1990s, the [[African Burying Ground]] was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 of graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.<ref name="AsanteMazama2005">{{cite book |first1 = Molefi Kete |last1 = Asante |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA33 |title = Encyclopedia of Black Studies |first2 = Ama |last2 = Mazama |first3 = Marie-José |last3 = Cérol |publisher = [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-7619-2762-4 |page = 33 }}</ref>

The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of [[John Peter Zenger]], who had been accused of [[seditious libel]] after criticizing [[List of colonial governors of New York|colonial governor]] [[William Cosby]], helped to establish [[freedom of the press]] in [[North America]].<ref name="zenger">{{cite web |last = Linder |first = Doug |year = 2001 |title = The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account |url = http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zengeraccount.html |publisher = [[University of Missouri–Kansas City]] |access-date = October 30, 2021 }}</ref> In 1754, [[Columbia University]] was founded under charter by [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |last = Moore |first = Nathaniel Fish |url = https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog |title = An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876 |publisher = [[Columbia University]] |year = 1876 |page = [https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog/page/n14 8] }}</ref>

=== American Revolution ===
{{Further|American Revolution}}
[[File:BattleofLongisland.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Long Island]], one of the largest battles of the [[American Revolutionary War]], which took place in [[Brooklyn]] on August 27, 1776]]
The [[Stamp Act Congress]] met in New York in October 1765, as the [[Sons of Liberty]] organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.<ref name="BoyerClark2009">{{cite book |first1 = Paul |last1 = Boyer |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O7NsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |title = The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise |first2 = Clifford |last2 = Clark |first3 = Sandra |last3 = Hawley |first4 = Joseph |last4 = Kett |first5 = Andrew |last5 = Rieser |publisher = [[Cengage Learning]] |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-111-78553-6 |page = 100 }}</ref> The [[Battle of Long Island]], the largest battle of the [[American Revolutionary War]], was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn.<ref name="Reno2008">{{cite book |first = Linda Davis |last = Reno |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KvhogpG5154C&pg=PA3 |title = The Maryland 400 in the Battle of Long Island, 1776 |publisher = [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-7864-5184-5 |page = 3 }}</ref> A British rout of the Continental Army at the [[Battle of Fort Washington]] in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causing [[George Washington]] and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River to [[New Jersey]], pursued by British forces.<ref>[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/fort-washington Fort Washington], [[American Battlefield Trust]]. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Fought on November 16, 1776 on the island of Manhattan, the Battle of Fort Washington was the final devastating chapter in General Washington's disastrous New York Campaign.... Seeing how precarious the American position was, Howe launched a three-pronged assault on Fort Washington and its outer defensive works. The combined British-Hessian assault force of 8,000 men grossly outnumbered the fort's 3,000 defenders.... At 3:00 P.M., after a fruitless attempt to gain gentler surrender terms for his men, Magaw surrendered Fort Washington and its 2,800 surviving defenders to the British."</ref><ref>Schenawolf, Harry. [https://revolutionarywarjournal.com/washingtons-retreat-across-new-jersey-a-british-fox-chase/ "Washington's Retreat Across New Jersey: A British Fox Chase"], Revolutionary War Journal, August 5, 2019. Accessed December 31, 2023.</ref>

After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America.<ref>[[Rohit Aggarwala|Aggarwala, Rohit T.]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90018770 "'I want a Packet to arrive': Making New York City the headquarters of British North America 1696-1783"], ''New York History'', Winter 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "One of New York City's key distinctions in the late colonial period was its role as the headquarters of the British Army in North America, almost continuously from 1755 to 1783."</ref> The city was a haven for [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the [[British Crown|Crown]], with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, which had become the largest such community on the continent.<ref>[https://www.amrevmuseum.org/revolution-stories/finding-freedom-deborah "Finding Freedom: Deborah"], [[Museum of the American Revolution]], May 4, 2018. Accessed December 31, 2023. "They ran to the British Army which offered freedom to enslaved people owned by rebel masters based on the 1779 Philipsburg Proclamation issued by British General Henry Clinton. Historians estimate that 10,000 enslaved people sought freedom by escaping to the British during the Revolutionary War."</ref><ref>Goulet, L.; and Tsaltas-Otoomanelli, Mary. [https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/black-loyalists-evaculation-zy4la "Black Loyalists In The Evacuation Of New York City, 1783"], [[The Gotham Center for New York City History]], November 15, 2023. Accessed December 31, 2023. "By 1783, New York City had become the largest fugitive slave community in North America.... Free and self-emancipated Black people entered New York City during the British occupation seeking protection."</ref> When the British forces [[Evacuation Day (New York)|evacuated]] New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of [[freedmen]] for resettlement in [[Nova Scotia]], England, and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="Hinks2007">{{cite book |first = Peter P. |last = Hinks |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXQs0uO0VMC&pg=PA508 |title = Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition |publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-313-33144-2 |page = 508 }}</ref>

The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the [[Conference House]] on Staten Island between American delegates, including [[Benjamin Franklin]], and British general [[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Lord Howe]] on September 11, 1776.<ref>Mattera, John. [https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/conference-house-park/dailyplant/19934 Conference House Park The Daily Plant : Thursday, September 7, 2006], [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed December 29, 2023.</ref> Shortly after the British occupation began, the [[Great Fire of New York (1776)|Great Fire of New York]] occurred, a large conflagration on the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including [[Trinity Church (New York City)|Trinity Church]].<ref>Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897, By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37, ISBN 978-1-356-90825-7</ref><ref>[https://baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/fires-1776.html New York City (NYC) The Great Fire of 1776], [[Baruch College]]. Accessed December 29, 2023. "The fire started in a wooden building near White Hall Slip, called the Fighting Cocks Tavern, a fun house visited by the city's most disreputable residents. It was fanned by winds south west of the city and spread rapidly into the night, demolishing 493 buildings and houses in the process."</ref>

===Post-revolutionary period and early 19th century===
{{Main|History of New York City (1784–1854)}}
[[File:Washington's_Inauguration.jpg|thumb|A portrait of the [[first inauguration of George Washington]] in 1789]]
In January 1785, the assembly of the [[Congress of the Confederation]] made New York City the national capital, shortly after the war.<ref>[https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/january-superintending-1 "January Highlight: Superintending Independence, Part 1"], [[Harvard University]] Declaration Resources Project, January 4, 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "From January 11, 1785 through 1789, the Congress of the Confederation met in New York City, at City Hall (which later became Federal Hall) and at Fraunces Tavern."</ref> New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the [[Articles of Confederation]] and the first capital under the [[Constitution of the United States]].<ref name="Post-Revolutionary War"/> As the U.S. capital, New York City hosted several events of national scope in 1789; the first President of the United States, [[George Washington]], was inaugurated; the first [[United States Congress]] and the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] each assembled for the first time; and the [[United States Bill of Rights]] was drafted, all at [[Federal Hall]] on present-day [[Wall Street]].<ref name="Post-Revolutionary War">{{cite magazine |title = The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789) |url = https://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm |magazine = [[U.S. News & World Report]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080925045133/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm |archive-date = September 25, 2008 |access-date = September 1, 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassed [[Philadelphia]] as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was [[Residence Act|moved to Philadelphia]].<ref name="residence act">{{cite web |title = Residence Act |url = https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Residence.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110855/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Residence.html |archive-date = February 22, 2017 |access-date = April 23, 2017 |work = Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History |publisher = [[Library of Congress]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first = Robert |last = Fortenbaugh |url = https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |access-date = October 30, 2021 |title = The Nine Capitals of the United States |year = 1948 |pages = 9 |publisher = [[United States Senate]] }}</ref>

During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Smil |first = Vaclav |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=52yuDwAAQBAJ |title = Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities |publisher = [[The MIT Press]] |year = 2019 |isbn = 978-0-262-04283-3 |page = 336 |author-link = Vaclav Smil }}</ref> Under New York State's [[gradual emancipation (United States)|gradual emancipation]] act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in [[indentured servitude]] until their mid-to-late twenties.<ref>"An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Negro Slavery in New York" ([[Laws of New York|L. 1799, Ch. 62]])</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Harper |first = Douglas |year = 2003 |title = Emancipation in New York |url = http://www.slavenorth.com/nyemancip.htm |work = Slave North |access-date = February 6, 2013 }}</ref> Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential [[Founding Fathers of the United States|United States founders]] as [[Alexander Hamilton]] and [[John Jay]], the [[New York Manumission Society]] worked for abolition and established the [[African Free School]] to educate Black children.<ref name="Divided">{{cite web |url = http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120414223102/http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/ |title = New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit |publisher = New-York Historical Society (physical exhibit) |date = September 3, 2007 |access-date = May 10, 2012 |archive-date = April 14, 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref> It was not until 1827 that [[History of slavery in New York (state)|slavery was completely abolished in the state]].<ref>[https://www.nyhistory.org/community/slavery-end-new-york-state When Did Slavery End in New York State?], [[New-York Historical Society]]. Accessed January 16, 2024. "In 1799, New York passed a Gradual Emancipation act that freed slave children born after July 4, 1799, but indentured them until they were young adults. In 1817 a new law passed that would free slaves born before 1799 but not until 1827."</ref> Free Blacks struggled afterward with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black).<ref name=Census1790to1990/>
[[File:Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Rue_De_New-York_En_1840.jpg|alt=A painting of a snowy city street with horse-drawn sleds and a 19th-century fire truck under blue sky|thumb|[[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], which follows the Native American [[Wecquaesgeek]] Trail through Manhattan, in 1840<ref>{{cite news |last = Shorto |first = Russell |date = February 9, 2004 |title = The Streets Where History Lives |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/09/opinion/the-streets-where-history-lives.html |access-date = June 19, 2013 }}</ref>]]

Also in the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and [[International trade|international trading center]], as well as by European immigration, respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last = Rosenwaike |first = Ira |url = https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar |title = Population History of New York City |date = 1972 |publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8156-2155-3 |page = [https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar/page/55 55] |url-access = registration }}</ref> The city adopted the [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]], which expanded the city [[Grid plan#Early United States|street grid]] to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the [[Erie Canal]] through [[central New York]] connected the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Bridges |first = William |title = Map of the City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References |year = 1811 }}; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref> Local politics became dominated by [[Tammany Hall]], a [[political machine]] supported by [[Irish diaspora|Irish]] and [[German diaspora|German immigrants]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Mushkat |first = Jerome |url = https://archive.org/details/fernandowoodpoli0000mush |title = Fernando Wood: A Political Biography |publisher = [[Kent State University Press]] |year = 1990 |isbn = 978-0-87338-413-1 |page = [https://archive.org/details/fernandowoodpoli0000mush/page/36 36] |url-access = registration }}</ref>

Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including [[William Cullen Bryant]], [[Washington Irving]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Rufus Wilmot Griswold]], [[John Keese]], [[Nathaniel Parker Willis]], and [[Edgar Allan Poe]]. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of [[Central Park]], which in 1857 became the first [[Landscape design|landscaped park]] in an American city.<ref>Waxman, Sarah. [https://www.ny.com/articles/centralpark.html "History of Central Park, New York"], NY.com. Accessed January 16, 2024. "New York's Central Park is the first urban landscaped park in the United States."</ref>

The [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]] brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing upward of one-quarter of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web |title = Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York |url = http://www.virtualny.cuny.edu/cholera/1866/cholera_1866_set.html |website = Virtual New York |publisher = [[City University of New York]] |access-date = October 31, 2021 }}</ref> There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.<ref name="Harris">{{cite book |first = Leslie M. |last = Harris |author-link = Leslie M. Harris |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TZx6A_M0yjQC |title = In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 |date = 2003 |publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn = 9780226317755 |at = Excerpted from pages 279–288 |section = The New York City Draft Riots |section-url = http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=M.G. Leonard |title=H. Doc. 29-54 - Paupers and criminals. Memorial of the Corporation of the City of New York, relative to the exportation from abroad of paupers and criminals. January 25, 1847. Read, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-00499_00_00-043-0054-0000 |website=GovInfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=22 June 2023 |pages=8–9 |date=20 January 1847 |quote='Leaving their homes,' [immigrants] say, 'with the brightest prospects,' alluring representations presented to them of the blessed state of American life, a few scanty coins in their pockets, though feeling in the enjoyment of rugged health, and surrounded by their young and innocent offspring, little did they imagine the trials to which they would be exposed; but at length they discover to their sorrow, and very natural discontent, that the foul steerage of some ocean-tossed ship is to form the filthy receptacle of persons, crowded too with hordes of human beings, with scarcely space enough to contain the half of them—certainly not more that the ''quarter'' of them ''comfortably''; and thus huddled together ''en masse'', they become the "''emigrant passengers''" destined to this country.}}</ref>

===American Civil War===
{{Main|New York City in the American Civil War|History of New York City (1855–1897)}}

[[File:New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_lynching.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]] during the [[New York City draft riots]] in 1863]]

[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor [[Fernando Wood]] called on the [[Alderman|aldermen]] to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.<ref name="Divided" /> Anger at new [[military conscription]] laws during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the [[New York City draft riots|Draft Riots of 1863]], whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.<ref name="Divided" />

The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the [[New York City Police Department|New York Police Department]], which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants.<ref name="Harris" />

At least 120 people were killed.<ref name="McPherson">{{cite book |last1 = McPherson |first1 = James M. |last2 = Hogue |first2 = James Keith |url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0077430352 |title = Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill Education]] |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-07-743035-1 |page = 399 }}</ref> Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance.<ref name="Harris" /><ref name="McPherson" /> Violence by [[longshoremen]] against Black men was especially fierce in the docks area.<ref name="Harris" /> It was one of the worst incidents of [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|civil unrest in American history]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Cook |first = Adrian |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QNkeBgAAQBAJ |title = The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 |year = 1974 |pages = 193–195 |publisher = [[University Press of Kentucky]] |isbn = 9780813162553 }}</ref>

===Late 19th and early 20th century===
{{Main|History of New York City (1898–1945)|History of New York City (1946–1977)}}
[[File:Mulberry Street NYC c1900 LOC 3g04637u edit.jpg|thumb|Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] in the [[Lower East Side]], {{Circa|1900}}]]

In 1886, the [[Statue of Liberty]], a gift from [[France]], was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they came to the U.S. via [[Ellis Island]] by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace.<ref name="Statue of Liberty UNESCO">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307 Statue of Liberty], [[UNESCO]]. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Inaugurated in 1886, the sculpture stands at the entrance to New York Harbour and has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States ever since."</ref><ref>[https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/the-immigrants-statue.htm The Immigrant's Statue], [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]]. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Between 1886 and 1924, almost 14 million immigrants entered the United States through New York. The Statue of Liberty was a reassuring sign that they had arrived in the land of their dreams."</ref>

In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the [[City of Greater New York|consolidation]] of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.<ref>{{cite web |title = The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City |url = http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011221627/http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html |archive-date = October 11, 2007 |access-date = October 28, 2010 |website = NYC100 Centennial Celebration }}</ref> The opening of the [[New York City Subway]] in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.<ref name="Cudahy2004">{{cite book |first = Brian J. |last = Cudahy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UfodzizzrfQC&pg=PA2 |title = The New York Subway: Its Construction and Equipment : Interborough Rapid Transit, 1904 |publisher = [[Fordham University Press]] |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8232-2401-2 |page = 2 }}</ref> Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.<ref name="Blake2009">{{cite book |first = Angela M. |last = Blake |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v36fyM6qswYC&pg=PT63 |title = How New York Became American, 1890–1924 |publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-8018-8874-8 |pages = 63–66 }}</ref>

In 1904, the [[steamship]] ''[[PS General Slocum|General Slocum]]'' caught fire in the [[East River]], killing 1,021 people on board.<ref name="Sheard1998">{{cite book |first = Bradley |last = Sheard |url = https://archive.org/details/lostvoyagestwoce0000shea |title = Lost Voyages: Two Centuries of Shipwrecks in the Approaches to New York |publisher = Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. |year = 1998 |isbn = 978-1-881652-17-5 |page = [https://archive.org/details/lostvoyagestwoce0000shea/page/67 67] |url-access = registration }}</ref> In 1911, the [[Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire]], the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]] and major improvements in factory safety standards.<ref name="cornell1">{{cite web |title = The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire |url = https://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/ |access-date = February 9, 2017 |publisher = Kheel Center, [[Cornell University]] }}</ref>
[[File:Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg|alt=A man working on a steel girder high about a city skyline.|thumb|A [[construction worker]] atop the [[Empire State Building]] during its construction in 1930. The [[Chrysler Building]] is visible behind him.]]

New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.<ref>{{cite book |last = Rosenwaike |first = Ira |url = https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar |title = Population History of New York City |date = 1972 |publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8156-2155-3 |at = Table 30 |url-access = registration }}</ref> New York City was a prime destination in the early 20th century for [[African Americans]] during the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban [[African diaspora]] in North America.<ref name="GatesHigginbotham2009">{{cite book |first1 = Henry Louis Jr. |last1 = Gates |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E_vRLcgEdGoC&pg=PR7 |title = Harlem Renaissance Lives from the African American National Biography |first2 = Evelyn Brooks |last2 = Higginbotham |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-19-538795-7 |page = 7 }}</ref> The [[Harlem Renaissance]] of literary and [[Culture of New York City|cultural life]] flourished during the era of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]].<ref name="Roche2015">{{cite book |first = Linda De |last = Roche |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cOGOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18 |title = The Jazz Age: A Historical Exploration of Literature: A Historical Exploration of Literature |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-1-61069-668-5 |pages = 18–19 }}</ref> The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Carol |title=Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |location=New York |isbn=9781568980447 |pages=41, 85, 165}}</ref>

New York City became the most populous [[urban area#United States|urbanized area]] in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking [[London]]. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10&nbsp;million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first [[megacity]] in human history.<ref>{{cite web |title = New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional) |url = http://www.demographia.com/db-nyuza1800.htm |access-date = July 8, 2009 |publisher = [[Demographia]] }}</ref> The [[Great Depression]] saw the election of reformer [[Fiorello La Guardia]] as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>{{cite book |last = Allen |first = Oliver E. |title = The Tiger—The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall |publisher = [[Addison-Wesley Publishing Company]] |year = 1993 |isbn = 978-0-201-62463-2 |chapter = Chapter 9: The Decline |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle }}</ref>

Returning [[World War II]] veterans created a post-war [[Business cycle|economic boom]] and the development of large [[housing tract]]s in eastern Queens and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The [[United Nations headquarters]] was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global [[geopolitical]] influence, and the rise of [[abstract expressionism]] in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<ref>{{cite web |last = Burns |first = Ric |date = August 22, 2003 |title = The Center of the World—New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript) |url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html |access-date = September 1, 2008 |publisher = PBS |archive-date = June 23, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623065806/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Late 20th and early 21st centuries ===
{{Main|History of New York City (1978–present)|September 11 attacks}}
[[File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg|alt=A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.|thumb|[[Stonewall Inn]] in [[Greenwich Village]], the site of the June 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] and the cradle of the modern [[gay rights|LGBTQ+ rights]] movement.<ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1">{{cite web |first = Julia |last = Goicichea |date = August 16, 2017 |title = Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers |url = https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |access-date = February 2, 2019 |publisher = The Culture Trip }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |url = http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |access-date = May 1, 2011 |publisher = [[National Park Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Eli |last = Rosenberg |date = June 24, 2016 |title = Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html |access-date = June 25, 2016 }}</ref>]]

In 1969, the [[Stonewall riots]] were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the [[LGBT community|gay community]] against a [[police raid]] that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the [[Stonewall Inn]] in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.<ref name="Murphy2013">{{cite book |first = Timothy |last = Murphy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA572 |title = Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies |publisher = [[Routledge]] |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-135-94234-2 |page = 572 }}</ref> They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the [[gay liberation]] movement<ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1" /><ref name="KentuckyStonewall">{{cite web |title = Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S. |url = http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm |access-date = September 2, 2017 |publisher = [[University of Kentucky]] |archive-date = November 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191118054142/http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="PinkNewsStonewall">{{cite web |first = Nell |last = Frizzell |date = June 28, 2013 |title = Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement |url = http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/ |access-date = August 31, 2017 |publisher = [[PinkNews]] }}</ref><ref name="EncycloStonewall">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots |title = Stonewall riots |encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date = August 31, 2017 }}</ref> and the modern fight for [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]].<ref name="NPSStonewall">{{cite web |date = June 2016 |title = Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument |url = https://www.nps.gov/places/stonewall.htm |access-date = August 31, 2017 |publisher = [[National Park Service]]}}</ref><ref name="ObamaStonewall">{{cite web |title = Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots |url = http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530065722/http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |date = January 21, 2013 |archive-date = May 30, 2013 |access-date = July 2, 2013 |publisher = [[North Jersey Media Group]] }}</ref> [[Wayne R. Dynes]], author of the ''[[Encyclopedia of Homosexuality]]'', wrote that [[drag queen]]s were the only "[[transgender]] folks around" during the June 1969 Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter.<ref name="TransEqualityNYC">{{cite web |first = Cristan |last = Williams |date = January 25, 2013 |title = So, what was Stonewall? |url = http://transadvocate.com/so-what-was-stonewall_n_8424.htm |access-date = March 28, 2017 |publisher = The TransAdvocate }}</ref>

[[File:Ford to City.PNG|thumb|right|October 1975 ''[[New York Daily News]]'' front page on President Ford's refusal to help the city avert bankruptcy|upright]]
In the 1970s, job losses due to [[Deindustrialization|industrial restructuring]] caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.<ref>{{cite web |last = Tannenbaum |first = Allan |title = New York in the 70s: A Remembrance |url = http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html |date = February 2004 |access-date = December 18, 2011 |publisher = [[The Digital Journalist]] |archive-date = March 20, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194616/http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President [[Gerald Ford]] gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the next day's issue of the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."<ref>[[Sam Roberts (journalist)|Roberts, Sam]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html "Infamous 'Drop Dead' Was Never Said by Ford"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 28, 2006. Accessed February 20, 2024. "Mr. Ford, on Oct. 29, 1975, gave a speech denying federal assistance to spare New York from bankruptcy. The front page of The Daily News the next day read: "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."... Moreover, the speech spurred New York's civic, business and labor leaders to rally bankers in the United States and abroad, who feared their own investments would be harmed if New York defaulted on its debt."</ref> The [[Municipal Assistance Corporation]] was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances.<ref>Chan, Sewell. [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/nyregion/felix-rohatyn-dead.html "Felix G. Rohatyn, Financier Who Piloted New York’s Rescue, Dies at 91"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 14, 2019. Accessed February 20, 2024. "For nearly two decades, from 1975 to 1993, as chairman of the state-appointed Municipal Assistance Corporation, Mr. Rohatyn had a say, often the final one, over taxes and spending in the nation's largest city, a degree of influence for an unelected official that rankled some critics. His efforts to meld private profit with the public good defined him: In the perception of many his name was synonymous with two institutions — the M.A.C., which was hastily created in 1975 to save the city from insolvency, and Lazard (formerly Lazard Frères), the storied investment firm that started as a dry-goods business in New Orleans in 1848."</ref> While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |last = Effgen |first = Christopher |date = September 11, 2001 |title = New York Crime Rates 1960–2009 |url = http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm |access-date = October 28, 2010 |publisher = Disastercenter.com }}</ref>

By the mid-1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, [[gentrification]], and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the [[2000 United States census]], breaking the previous peak census population set in the [[1970 United States census|1970 census]];<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/site/planning/planning-level/nyc-population/census-summary-2000.page Population - Decennial Census - Census 2000], [[New York City Department of City Planning]]. Accessed January 27, 2024. "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of New York City as of April 1, 2000, was 8,008,278, the largest enumerated census population in the city's history. The previous peak was in 1970, when the enumerated population stood at 7,894,862."</ref> further records were set in [[2010 United States census|2010]], and [[2020 United States census|2020]] U.S. censuses.<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/site/planning/planning-level/nyc-population/nyc-population.page Population], [[New York City Department of City Planning]]. Accessed January 27, 2024. "The enumerated population of New York City’s was 8,804,190 as of April 1, 2020, a record high population. This is an increase of 629,057 people since the 2010 Census."</ref> Important new sectors, such as [[Silicon Alley]], emerged in the city's economy.<ref name="Waller2013">{{cite book |first = Irvin |last = Waller |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qQPGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title = Smarter Crime Control |publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-4422-2170-3 |page = 38 }}</ref>

[[File:Explosion following the plane impact into the South Tower (WTC 2) - B6019~11.jpg|thumb|The [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], in [[Lower Manhattan]], during the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001]]

The advent of [[2000|Y2K]] was celebrated with fanfare in [[Times Square]].<ref name=NYC-Y2K>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/02/nyregion/year-2000-overview-2000-draws-rave-reviews-after-opening-night-night-jitters.html|title=THE YEAR 2000: THE OVERVIEW; 2000 Draws Rave Reviews After Opening Night Night Jitters|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 6, 2000|access-date=October 28, 2023}}</ref> New York City suffered the bulk of the [[Economic effects of the September 11 attacks#New York City|economic damage]] and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref name="Dieterle2017">{{cite book |first = David A. |last = Dieterle |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LmphDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396 |title = Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice [4 volumes] |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-0-313-39708-0 |page = 396 }}</ref> Two of the four airliners hijacked that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the [[New York City Fire Department]] and 71 law enforcement officers.<ref>Nelson, Joshua Q. [https://www.foxnews.com/media/former-fdny-commissioner-firefighters-9-11 "Former FDNY commissioner on losing 343 firefighters on 9/11: 'We had the best fire chiefs in the world'"], ''[[Fox News]]'', September 11, 2021. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Of the 2,753 people killed at the World Trade Center, 343 were first responders from the Fire Department of New York, while another 71 were law enforcement officers from 10 different agencies."</ref> The North Tower became, and remains, the tallest building to ever be destroyed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[World Trade Center site#Planning for the new World Trade Center|The area was rebuilt]] with a [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|new World Trade Center]], the [[National September 11 Memorial and Museum]], and other new buildings and infrastructure,<ref name="Greenspan2013">{{cite book |first = Elizabeth |last = Greenspan |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DMHzmpTK5rYC&pg=PA152 |title = Battle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center |publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]]/[[Harvard University]] |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-137-36547-7 |page = 152 }}</ref> including the [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]], the city's third-largest hub.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/transportation-hub.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103164156/https://old.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/transportation-hub.html |title = World Trade Center Transportation Hub |publisher = [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |access-date = February 9, 2017 |archive-date = January 3, 2020 |quote = The state-of-the-art World Trade Center Transportation Hub, completed in 2016, serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from around the world. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third-largest transportation center in New York City. |url-status = dead }}</ref> The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere<ref name="OneWTCtallest">{{cite news |last1 = Hetter |first1 = Katia |last2 = Boyette |first2 = Chris |date = November 12, 2013 |title = It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper |publisher = [[CNN]] |url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/travel/one-world-trade-center-tallest-us-building/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |access-date = March 1, 2014 }}</ref> and the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]] by [[pinnacle]] height, with its [[spire]] reaching a symbolic {{convert|1776|ft|m|1}}, a reference to the year of [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. independence]].<ref>{{cite web |title = New York City Skyscraper Diagram |url = http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?cityID=8 |access-date = January 22, 2013 |website = [[SkyscraperPage.com]] |publisher = Skyscraper Source Media }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = One World Trade Center |url = http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7788 |access-date = February 9, 2017 |website = [[SkyscraperPage.com]] |publisher = Skyscraper Source Media |quote = The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center. The building is topped out by a 124-meter (408-foot) spire. So the tower rises 1,776 feet (541-meter) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Lesser |first = Benjamin |date = April 30, 2012 |title = It's official: 1 World Trade Center is now New York's tallest skyscraper |url = https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/official-1-wtc-new-york-new-tallest-building-article-1.1069925 |access-date = January 22, 2013 |work = [[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location = New York }}</ref>

The [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests in [[Zuccotti Park]] in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the [[Occupy movement]] against [[Social inequality|social]] and [[economic inequality]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |first = Joe |last = Nocera |author-link = Joe Nocera |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/opinion/nocera-two-days-in-september.html |title = Two Days in September |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = September 14, 2012 |access-date = May 6, 2017 |quote = On the left, that anger led, a year ago, to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Thus, Anniversary No. 2: Sept. 17, 2011, was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan, which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country. The movement's primary issue was income inequality—"We are the 99 percent", they used to chant. }}</ref>

New York City was [[Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York|heavily affected]] by [[Hurricane Sandy]] in late October 2012. Sandy's impacts included flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system<ref>Flegenheimer, Matt. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/nyregion/subways-may-be-shut-for-several-days-after-hurricane-sandy.html "Flooded Tunnels May Keep City's Subway Network Closed for Several Days"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 30, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "As the remnants of Hurricane Sandy left the city on Tuesday, transit officials surveyed the damage to the system, which they shut down on Sunday night as a precaution. What they found was an unprecedented assault: flooded tunnels, battered stations and switches and signals likely damaged."</ref> and flooding of all [[East River]] subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the [[Lincoln Tunnel]].<ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg81827/html/CHRG-112shrg81827.htm ''Superstorm Sandy: The Devastating Impact On The Nation's Largest Transportation Systems''], [[United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, Maritime, Freight, and Ports]], December 6, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The most damaging impact of the storm, from a transportation standpoint, was on the highway, transit, and rail tunnels in and out of Manhattan. All seven of the subway tunnels under the East River flooded, as did the Hudson River subway tunnel, the East River and Hudson River commuter rail tunnels, and the subway tunnels in lower Manhattan. Three of the four highway tunnels into Manhattan flooded, leaving only the Lincoln Tunnel open. While some subway service was restored three days after the storm, the PATH train service to the World Trade Center was only restored on November 26, four weeks after the storm, and subway service between the Rockaway peninsula and Howard Beach is not expected to be re-opened for months."</ref> The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days due to weather for the first time since the [[Great Blizzard of 1888]].<ref>Strasburg, Jenny; Cheng, Jonathan; and Bunge, Jacob. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204789304578087131092892180 "Behind Decision to Close Markets"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', October 29, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Superstorm Sandy forced regulators and exchange operators to keep U.S. stock markets closed Tuesday, in the first weather-related shutdown to last more than one day since the Blizzard of 1888. The decision to close the New York Stock Exchange and other U.S. equity markets for a second straight day—reached by midafternoon Monday—renewed questions about the industry's disaster preparedness."</ref> At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-13/nyc-still-vulnerable-to-hurricanes-10-years-after-sandy "NYC Still Vulnerable to Hurricanes 10 Years After Sandy"], ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'', October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Hurricane Sandy swept through New York City in October 2012, leading to 43 deaths and an estimated $19 billion in damages.... New York needs to step up its efforts and spend the $15 billion in federal grants that it received for recovery efforts, a new report by New York City Comptroller Brad Lander released on Thursday said."</ref> The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter [[climate change]] and rising seas, with $15&nbsp;billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2/><ref>[https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/ten-years-after-sandy/ ''Ten Years After Sandy; Barriers to Resilience''], [[New York City Comptroller]] [[Brad Lander]], October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Of the $15 billion of federal grants appropriated for Sandy recovery and resilience, the City has spent $11 billion, or 73%, as of June 2022."</ref>

In March 2020, the first case of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] in the city was confirmed in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |last = West |first = Melanie Grayce |date = March 1, 2020 |title = First Case of Coronavirus Confirmed in New York State |language = en-US |work = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-new-york-state-11583111692 |access-date = July 10, 2020 |issn = 0099-9660 }}</ref> With its great population density and its exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced [[Wuhan]], [[China]], to become the global epicenter of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9322893/ "When New York City was the COVID-19 pandemic epicenter: The impact on trauma care"], ''[[The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery]]'', August 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. "During early spring 2020, New York City (NYC) rapidly became the first US epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic."</ref><ref>Robinson, David. [https://www.lohud.com/story/news/coronavirus/2020/03/27/how-new-york-city-became-coronavirus-pandemic-epicenter-what-know/2924735001/ "COVID-19: How New York City became epicenter of coronavirus pandemic, what that means"], ''[[The Journal News]]'', March 27, 2020. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York City's rise this month to become the new coronavirus pandemic's epicenter has far-reaching implications for communities statewide. Most pressing, the rapidly spreading virus that originated in Wuhan, China, threatens to overwhelm New York state's entire medical system, prompting a dire push for thousands of new hospital beds to treat infected New Yorkers. Further, the outbreak, which topped 44,600 confirmed cases statewide as of Friday, including 23,000 in New York City alone, is also devastating the entire state's economy and draining government coffers at all levels.... Why New York City's density, tourism made it vulnerable to coronavirus"</ref> Through March 2023, New York City had recorded [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|more than 80,000 deaths]] from COVID-19-related complications.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/new-york-covid-cases.html "Tracking Coronavirus in New York: Latest Map and Case Count"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 23, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024 "Since the beginning of the pandemic, a total of 6,805,271 cases have been reported. At least 1 in 243 residents have died from the coronavirus, a total of 80,109 deaths."</ref>