Jerusalem

===Etymology===
The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic ''yry''' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the pagan god [[Shalim|Shalem]]";<ref>Meir Ben-Dov, ''Historical Atlas of Jerusalem'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, p. 23.</ref><ref name=Binz>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem, the Holy City |last=Binz |first=Stephen J. |year=2005 |publisher=Twenty-Third Publications |location=Connecticut |isbn=978-1-58595-365-3 |page=2 |url={{Google books |id=7zLuDlzdTFYC |page=1 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> the god Shalem was thus the original [[tutelary deity]] of the Bronze Age city.<ref>G. Johannes Bottereck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', tr. David E. Green, vol. XV, pp. 48–49 William B. Eeerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge UK 2006, pp. 45–46</ref>

Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the [[Canaanite religion]], whose name is based on the same root [[S-L-M]] from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (''Shalom'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], cognate with [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] ''Salam'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem |last=Elon |first=Amos |url=http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/TelAvivandJerusalem.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030310223636/http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/TelAvivandJerusalem.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2003 |isbn=978-0-00-637531-9 |access-date=26 April 2007 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Ltd |quote=The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem–Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic). |year=1996}}</ref><ref>Ringgren, H., ''Die Religionen des Alten Orients'' (Göttingen, 1979), 212.</ref> The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace",<ref name=Binz/><ref name=Hastings>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I – Kinsman), Volume 2 |last=Hastings |first=James |author-link=James Hastings |year=2004 |publisher=Reprinted from 1898 edition by University Press of the Pacific |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-1-4102-1725-7 |page=584 |url={{Google books |id=0wvtFPz03GsC |page=584 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> "Abode of Peace",<ref name=Bosworth>{{cite book |title=Historic cities of the Islamic world |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-15388-2 |pages=225–226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA226 |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083731/https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA226 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=DeGarmo>{{cite web |url=http://centre4conflictstudies.org/wanderingthoughts/category/denise-degarmo/ |title=Abode of Peace? |author=Denise DeGarmo |date=9 September 2011 |work=Wandering Thoughts |publisher=Center for Conflict Studies |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042313/http://centre4conflictstudies.org/wanderingthoughts/category/denise-degarmo/ |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> "Dwelling of Peace" ("founded in safety"),<ref>Marten H. Wouldstra, ''The Book of Joshua'', William B. Eerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan (1981) 1995, p. 169 n.2</ref> or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.<ref name=Harrison>{{cite book |title=Millennium: a Latin reader, A |last=Bosworth |first=Francis Edward |year=1968 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |asin=B0000CO4LE |page=183 |url={{Google books |id=5sC2pJYlzbsC |page=183 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref>

The ending ''-ayim'' indicates the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]], thus leading to the suggestion that the name ''Yerushalayim'' refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-405-10298-1 |last=Wallace |first=Edwin Sherman |title=Jerusalem the Holy |date=August 1977 |page=16 |quote=A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word |publisher=Arno Press |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924083674295 |last=Smith |first=George Adam |year=1907 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924083674295/page/n298 251] |quote=The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities |isbn=978-0-7905-2935-6}} (see {{Google books |id=Nf4QAAAAIAAJ |page=251 |title=Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70, Volume 1}})</ref>