Jacob Zuma

==Anti-apartheid activism==

=== Imprisonment and exile ===
Zuma began engaging in anti-[[apartheid]] politics at an early age and joined the ANC in 1959. He became an active member of [[uMkhonto we Sizwe]] in 1962, two years after the ANC was banned.<ref name="beresford" /> That year, he was arrested with a group of 45 recruits near [[Zeerust]] in western [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], currently part of the [[North West Province (South Africa)|North West Province]].<ref name="sahistory">{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma |title=Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma|access-date=17 February 2018|publisher=SA History Online|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708095205/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma|archive-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> Zuma was convicted of conspiring to overthrow the apartheid government and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment, which he served on [[Robben Island]] with [[Nelson Mandela]] and other notable ANC leaders also imprisoned during that time.<ref name="sahistory" /> While imprisoned, Zuma was a [[referee (association football)|referee]] for prisoners association football games, organised by the prisoners own governing body, [[Makana F.A.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/2010/zuma-referee.htm|title=Fifa gives Zuma his ref's certificate|date=30 June 2009|access-date=3 November 2009|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100432/http://www.southafrica.info/2010/zuma-referee.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

After his release from prison, Zuma re-established ANC underground structures in Natal.<ref name="anc-bio">{{cite web|title=Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=people/zumaj.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209044729/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=people%2Fzumaj.html|archive-date=9 February 2009|access-date=11 December 2007|publisher=The Presidency}}</ref> He left South Africa in 1975 and was initially based in Swaziland where he met [[Thabo Mbeki]]. In Mozambique, he dealt with the arrival of thousands of exiles seeking military training in the wake of the 1976 [[Soweto uprising]]. He became a full member of the ANC [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] in 1977,<ref name="sahistory" /> and a member of the ANC's Politico-Military Council when it was formed in 1983.<ref name="trewhela">{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=15 February 2009|title=Jacob Zuma in exile: three unexplored issues|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/jacob-zuma-in-exile-three-unexplored-issues|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194836/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=117713&sn=Detail|archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> He was also Deputy Chief Representative of the ANC in Mozambique, a post he occupied until the signing of the [[Nkomati Accord]] between the Mozambican and South African governments in 1984. After the Accord was signed, he was appointed as ANC Chief Representative in Mozambique.<ref name="sahistory" /> In December 1986, the South African government requested that Mozambican authorities expel six senior members of the ANC, including Zuma. He was forced to leave Mozambique in January 1987, so he moved to the ANC headquarters in [[Lusaka]], Zambia, where he was appointed Head of the ANC's underground structures, and shortly afterward was named chief of the intelligence department.<ref name="sahistory" />

Zuma was also a member of the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP).<ref name="beresford">{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=944076 |title=Zuma's missing years come to light |date=22 February 2009 |work=[[TimesLIVE|The Times]] |location=UK |first=David |last=Beresford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228210121/http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=944076 |archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> He joined in 1963, served briefly on the party's [[Politburo]],<ref name="trewhela" /> and left in 1990.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58bnDwAAQBAJ |first=Mark|last=Gevisser|year=2007| publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |isbn=978-1-86842-545-7}}</ref>

===Return from exile===
After the ANC was unbanned in February 1990, Zuma returned to South Africa on 21 March<ref name="Tromp-2018" /> to begin the negotiations process.<ref name="anc-bio" /> He was one of the first ANC leaders to return to South Africa for negotiations.<ref name="Tromp-2018" /> Later that year, he was elected unopposed as the ANC's Southern Natal Chairperson. Zuma, as a [[Zulu people|Zulu]], became known as a leading peace broker in Natal during the political violence of this period that was concentrated in that province, and arose largely from conflict between nationalist supporters of the then [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]]-dominated ANC and supporters of the Zulu nationalist<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piper|first=Laurence|date=2002|title=Nationalism without a nation: the rise and fall of Zulu nationalism in South Africa's transition to democracy, 1975–99|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1469-8219.00039|journal=Nations and Nationalism|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=73–94|doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00039|hdl=10566/5798|issn=1469-8129|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] (IFP).<ref name="Tromp-2018" /> He is also credited with having expanded the ANC's Zulu support base in Natal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bosch|first=Marius|date=2007-12-12|title=Zulus want peacemaker Jacob Zuma for president|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-anc-zulus-idUSL1241626320071212|access-date=2021-12-24}}</ref> At the ANC's [[48th National Conference of the African National Congress|July 1991 elective conference]], Zuma stood for the post of ANC Secretary-General and lost to [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], but was elected Deputy Secretary-General, comfortably beating [[Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo|Alfred Nzo]] and [[Popo Molefe]] in a vote.<ref name="Wren-1991">{{Cite news |last=Wren |first=Christopher S. |date=6 July 1991 |title=Moderates Chosen By Apartheid Foes |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/06/world/moderates-chosen-by-apartheid-foes.html |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

In the [[1994 South African general election|1994 general election]], South Africa's first democratic election, Zuma stood as the ANC's candidate for the [[Premier (South Africa)|premiership]] of his newly constituted home province, [[KwaZulu Natal|KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref name=sahistory/> The ANC rose to power in the elections, with Mandela elected president and Mbeki his deputy, but lost KwaZulu-Natal to the IFP. Zuma became a [[Member of the Executive Council|member of the executive council]] (MEC) for economic affairs and tourism in KwaZulu-Natal.<ref name="anc-resignation-stmt">{{cite web|date=14 February 2018|title=Statement of the African National Congress Following the Resignation of the President of the Republic of South Africa, Comrade Jacob Zuma|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-resignation-read-the-ancs-full-statement-13289235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215121216/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-resignation-read-the-ancs-full-statement-13289235|archive-date=15 February 2018|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2009|title=A closer look at Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/a-closer-look-at-jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma-442410}}</ref> In December 1994, he was elected [[Provincial Chairperson of the African National Congress|ANC provincial chairperson]] for KwaZulu-Natal, and at the ANC's [[49th National Conference of the African National Congress|1994 elective conference]] he was elected national chairperson, beating [[Pallo Jordan]] and [[Jeff Radebe]] by a large margin.<ref name="Namibian-1994">{{Cite news|date=1994-12-21|title=ANC shuffles its leaders|work=Namibian|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/archive_pdf_19851990/1994_TheNamibian/21%20December%201994.pdf|access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref> He held both positions until 1997, having been re-elected provincial chairperson in 1996.<ref name="sahistory" />
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