Iowa Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==History== {{Main|History of Iowa}} {{See also|American Indians of Iowa}} ===Prehistory=== {{Main|Iowa archaeology|American Indians of Iowa}} [[File:Iowa archaeology edgewater.JPG|thumb|Excavation of the 3,800-year-old [[Edgewater Park Site]]]] When [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a [[Pleistocene]] glacial landscape. By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa, Native Americans were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the [[Archaic period in North America|Archaic period]] (10,500 to 2,800 years ago), Native Americans adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased.<ref name="iaarch" /> More than 3,000 years ago, during the [[Late Archaic period]], Native Americans in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent [[Woodland period]] saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements.<ref name="iaarch" /> The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous native American tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric [[Oneota]] include the [[Sioux|Dakota]], [[Ho-Chunk]], [[Ioway]], and [[Otoe (tribe)|Otoe]]. Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the [[Illiniwek]], [[Meskwaki]], [[Omaha (tribe)|Omaha]], and [[Sauk people|Sauk]].<ref name="iaarch">Alex, Lynn M. (2000) ''Iowa's Archaeological Past.'' University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.</ref> ===Early colonization and trade, 1673–1808=== {{Main|New France|Louisiana (New France)|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|New Spain|Louisiana (New Spain)|Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)|Louisiana Purchase|District of Louisiana|Louisiana Territory}} [[File:Iowa 1718.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Iowa in 1718 with the modern state area highlighted]] The first known European explorers to document Iowa were [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[Louis Jolliet]] who traveled the [[Mississippi River]] in 1673 documenting several Indigenous villages on the Iowa side.<ref name="peterson2009">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Cynthia L.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=12–29|chapter=Historical Tribes and Early Forts|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>History of Iowa, Iowa Official Register, [http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html Publications.iowa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html |date=September 3, 2009 }}</ref> The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the [[French and Indian War]], transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.<ref>Herbermann, Charles. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church''. Encyclopedia Press, 1913, p. 380 (Original from Harvard University).</ref> Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[Des Moines River]]s.<ref name="peterson2009" /> Iowa was part of a territory known as [[Louisiana (New France)|''La Louisiane'']] or [[Louisiana]], and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indigenous people. The [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Meskwaki]] effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were [[Julien Dubuque]], [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|Robert de la Salle]], and [[Paul Marin de la Malgue|Paul Marin]].<ref name="peterson2009" /> Along the [[Missouri River]] at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808.<ref name="carlson2009">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Gayle F.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=104–120|chapter=Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820–1827, and Other Missouri River Sites|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1800, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] took control of Louisiana from Spain in a [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso|treaty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|title=Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800|website=Napoleon-series.org|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232551/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]], Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts—the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, with present-day Iowa falling in the latter. The [[Indiana Territory]], created in 1800, exercised jurisdiction over this portion of the District; [[William Henry Harrison]] was its first governor. Much of Iowa was mapped by [[Zebulon Pike]] in 1805,<ref>Pike (1965): The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]], through [[Louisiana Territory]], and in [[New Spain]], during the years June 7, 1805, Ross & Haines</ref> but it was not until the construction of [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.<ref name="mckusick2009">{{cite book|last=McKusick|first=Marshall B.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=55–74|chapter=Fort Madison, 1808–1813|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ===War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control=== {{Main|Missouri Territory}} [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Meskwaki, many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory.<ref name="mckusick2009" /><ref>Prucha, Francis P. (1969) ''The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846''. Macmillan, New York.</ref> [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] was defeated by British-supported Indigenous people in 1813 during the [[War of 1812]], and [[Fort Shelby (Wisconsin)|Fort Shelby]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]], also fell to the British. [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]] took part in the siege of Fort Madison.<ref>Jackson, Donald (1960), ''A Critic's View of Old Fort Madison'', Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58(1) pp.31–36</ref><ref>Black Hawk (1882) ''Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk.'' Continental Printing, St. Louis. (Originally published 1833)</ref> Another small military outpost was established along the Mississippi River in present-day [[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]]. This poorly situated stockade was similarly attacked by hundreds of Indigenous people in 1813, but was successfully defended and later abandoned until settlers returned to the area in the mid-1830s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Jackson County, Iowa, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c., Biographical Sketches of Citizens |date=1879 |publisher=Western Historical Co. |location=Chicago |page=531 }}</ref> After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of [[Fort Armstrong, Illinois|Fort Armstrong]], [[Fort Snelling]] in [[Minnesota]], and [[Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)|Fort Atkinson]] in [[Nebraska]].<ref name="iowaforts">{{cite book|editor-last=Whittaker|editor-first=William E.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Indian removal, 1814–1832=== {{See also|Indian removal}}The United States encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|title=Research Guides: Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction|last=Drexler|first=Ken|website=guides.loc.gov|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405194808/https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|url-status=live}}</ref> A disputed [[Treaty of St. Louis (1804)|1804 treaty]] between [[Quashquame]] and [[William Henry Harrison]] (then governor of the [[Indiana Territory]]) that surrendered much of [[Illinois]] to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 [[Black Hawk War]].<ref name="Jung">{{Cite book|author=Jung, Patrick J. |title=The Black Hawk War of 1832|date=2007|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3811-4|location=Norman|oclc=70718369}}</ref> The [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Meskwaki]] sold their land in the [[Mississippi Valley]] during 1832 in the [[Black Hawk Purchase]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0349.htm|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922055639/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0349.htm#mn5|archive-date=September 22, 2017|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> and sold their remaining land in Iowa in 1842, most of them moving to a reservation in Kansas.<ref name="Jung" /> Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near [[Tama, Iowa]]; the [[Meskwaki Settlement]] remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meskwaki.org/about-us/history/|title=History {{!}} Meskwaki Nation|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412195746/https://meskwaki.org/about-us/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in contrast to the unprecedented act of the Iowa Legislature, the United States Federal Government, through the use of Treaties, forced the [[Ho-Chunk]] from Iowa in 1848,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mnopedia.org/event/ho-chunk-and-long-prairie-1846-1855|title=Ho-Chunk and Long Prairie, 1846–1855|last=Reicher|first=Matt|date=March 15, 2019|website=Mnopedia|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611152720/https://www.mnopedia.org/event/ho-chunk-and-long-prairie-1846-1855|url-status=live}}</ref> and forced the [[Sioux|Dakota]] from Iowa by 1858.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|title=Minnesota Treaties {{!}} The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862|website=Usdakotawar.org|date=August 14, 2012|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref> Western Iowa around modern [[Council Bluffs]] was used as an Indian Reservation for members of the [[Council of Three Fires]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Clifton|first1=James A.|last2=Cornell|first2=George L.|last3=McClurken|first3=James M.|year=1986|title=People of the Three Fires|page=37|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321956.pdf|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=May 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518112033/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321956.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ===U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860=== {{Main|Michigan Territory|Wisconsin Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Iowa Territory|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}} [[File:Iowa territorial seal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Iowa [[Seal of Iowa#Iowa territorial seal|Territorial Seal]]]] [[File:Bellevue, Iowa in 1848.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]] along the Mississippi, 1848]] The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833.<ref name="Settlers">{{cite web|url=http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|title=History of Iowa|publisher=Iowa State University|author=Schwieder, Dorothy|access-date=June 6, 2009|archive-date=September 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Primarily, they were families from [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Virginia]] who settled along the western banks of the [[Mississippi River]], founding the modern day cities of [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]] and [[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]].<ref name="Settlers" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm|title=Jackson County, Iowa History Information|publisher=Jackson County, Iowa|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104000006/https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 4, 1838, the [[U.S. Congress]] established the [[Territory of Iowa]]. President [[Martin Van Buren]] appointed [[Robert Lucas (governor)|Robert Lucas]] governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.<ref>''Iowa Official Register'', Volume Number 60, page 314</ref> Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President [[James K. Polk]] signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from Natives, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government.<ref>"Official Encouragement of Immigration to Iowa", Marcus L. Hansen, ''IJHP'', 19 (April 1921):159–95</ref> Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and second [[Iowa State Fair]]s were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at [[Fairfield, Iowa|Fairfield]]. The first fair was held October 25–27, 1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held annually since then, except for a few exceptions: 1898 due to the [[Spanish–American War]] and the [[World's Fair]] being held in nearby [[Omaha, Nebraska]]; from 1942 to 1945, due to [[World War II]], as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot; and in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iowastatefair.com/about/trivia.php |title=Iowa State Fair |publisher=Trivia |access-date=December 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130160719/http://iowastatefair.com/about/trivia.php |archive-date=November 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Safety|url=http://www.iowastatefair.org/safety/|access-date=October 13, 2020|website=Iowa State Fair|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016165113/https://www.iowastatefair.org/safety/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Civil War, 1861–1865=== {{Main article|Iowa in the American Civil War}} Iowa supported the Union during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], voting heavily for [[Abraham Lincoln]], though there was an antiwar "[[Copperheads (politics)|Copperhead]]" movement in the state, caused partially by a drop in crop prices caused by the war.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lendt |first=David L. |title=Iowa and the Copperhead Movement |journal=The Annals of Iowa |volume=40 |date=1970 |issue=6 |pages=412–427 |doi=10.17077/0003-4827.7965 |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/8482/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510004833/https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/8482/ |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |via=Iowa Research Online|doi-access=free }}</ref> There were no battles in the state, although the [[Battle of Athens (1861)|Battle of Athens]], Missouri, 1861, was fought just across the Des Moines River from [[Croton, Iowa]], and shots from the battle landed in Iowa. Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities.<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315">Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, page 315</ref> Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to [[Samuel J. Kirkwood]], its first wartime governor. Of a total population of 675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty. Iowa contributed proportionately more soldiers to Civil War military service than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were killed before the [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] surrendered at [[Battle of Appomattox Courthouse|Appomattox]].<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315" /> Most fought in the great campaigns in the [[Mississippi Valley]] and in the [[American South|South]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowanationalguard.com/Museum/IA_History/CivilWar.htm |title=Civil War |publisher=Iowanationalguard.com |access-date=July 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529001226/http://www.iowanationalguard.com/Museum/IA_History/CivilWar.htm |archive-date=May 29, 2010 }}</ref> Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in [[Missouri]], [[Battle of Pea Ridge|Pea Ridge]] in [[Arkansas]], Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg, Iuka, and Corinth. They served with the Army of the Potomac in [[Virginia]] and fought under Union General [[Philip Sheridan]] in the [[Shenandoah Valley]]. Many died and were buried at Andersonville. They marched on General [[Nathaniel Banks]]' ill-starred expedition to the Red River. Twenty-seven [[Iowans]] have been awarded the [[Medal of Honor]], the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War.<ref>Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, pages 315–316</ref> Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals—[[Grenville Mellen Dodge]], [[Samuel R. Curtis]], [[Francis J. Herron]], and [[Frederick Steele]]—and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war.<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315" /> ===Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930=== Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860<ref>[https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html "1860 Census: Population of the United States"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121165007/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html |date=January 21, 2021 }}. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2019.</ref> to 1,624,615 in 1880.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html|title=1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125326/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The American Civil War briefly brought higher profits.<ref name="ec-ag">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/economics-agriculture|title=The Economics of Agriculture|date=July 25, 2016|website=Iowa PBS|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=May 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521171513/http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/economics-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity, which lasted until the end of the war.<ref name="ec-ag" /> In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first industries developed in the 1830s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/types-business-and-industry|title=Types of Business and Industry|date=July 25, 2016|website=Iowa PBS|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611114229/http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/types-business-and-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> which were mainly for processing materials grown in the area,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/early-industry|title=Early Industry|date=July 25, 2016|website=Iowa PBS|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611135435/http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/early-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations. ===Depression, World War II and manufacturing, 1930–1985=== The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The [[Great Depression]] and World War II accelerated the shift away from [[smallholding|smallholder]] farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization. The period after World War II witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|title=History of Iowa|website=publications.iowa.gov|last=Schwieder|first=Dorothy|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=September 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1975, Governor Robert D. Ray petitioned President Ford to allow Iowa to accept and resettle [[Tai Dam]] refugees fleeing the Indochina War.<ref>Walsh, Matthew. ''The Good Governor: Robert Ray and the Indochinese Refugees of Iowa'' (McFarland & Co, 2017)</ref> An exception was required for this resettlement as State Dept policy at the time forbid resettlement of large groups of refugees in concentrated communities; an exception was ultimately granted and 1200 Tai Dam were resettled in Iowa. Since then Iowa has accepted thousands of refugees from Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Bhutan, and Burma.<ref>Office of Asian and Pacific Islander Affairs, Iowa Department of Human Rights. ''State of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Iowa, 2015''</ref> The [[farm crisis]] of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression.<ref>The Midwest Farm Crisis of the 1980s, [http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id395.htm Tripod.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706051758/http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id395.htm |date=July 6, 2008 }}</ref> The crisis spurred a major, decade-long population decline.<ref name="iwin.iwd.state.ia.us">Population Trends: The Changing Face of Iowa, [http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003011 State.ia.us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013221/http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003011 |date=October 6, 2006 }}</ref> ===Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present=== After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to reduce its dependence on agriculture. By the early 21st century, it was characterized by a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services.<ref name="iowalifechanging.com">''Iowa Industries'', Iowa Workforce Development. [http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf Iowalifechanging.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520102110/http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf |date=May 20, 2005 }}</ref> The population of Iowa has increased at a slower rate than the U.S. as a whole since at least the [[1900 census]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> though Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.<ref name="data.iowadatacenter.org">Iowa Data Center, 2000 Census: [http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/urbanrural/urstagesexbymalefemale2000.pdf Iowadatacenter.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203200948/http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/urbanrural/urstagesexbymalefemale2000.pdf |date=December 3, 2008 }}</ref> The Iowa Economic Development Authority, created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information.<ref name="IEDA">{{cite web|title=Iowa Economic Development Authority|url=http://www.iowaeconomicdevelopment.com/resources/reports/FY13Report|publisher=iowaeconomicdevelopment.com|access-date=July 26, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812042034/http://www.iowaeconomicdevelopment.com/resources/reports/FY13Report|archive-date=August 12, 2014}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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