Dura-Europos church

=== Conversion to a church ===
[[File:Doura Europos domus ecclesiae front.jpg|thumb|The remains of the former house church in 2008.]]

During the conversion of the private house into a church, a wall between two small rooms was demolished to make space for the large assembly room. This signified the shift to "church houses", which were more permanently adapted for religious use. As noted in ''The Oxford History of Christian Worship''; "one of the larger rooms served as a baptistry, another for the celebration of the Eucharist, and a third possibly for the instruction of catechumens".{{sfn|Wainwright|2006|p=146, 1283}}

The house seems to have been converted in one campaign, and mainly concerned the west and south parts of the building. The first room from the street (Room 8, approximately {{Convert|5.7|×|2.5|m|feet|abbr=on}}, in the northeast corner of the building, served as a vestibule.{{sfn|White|1997|p=125}} It opened with a passage monumentalized by an arch in the courtyard, two steps below. This almost-square space {{Convert|7.7|×|7.7|x|8.55|m|feet|abbr=on}} was renovated; the ground was raised by {{Convert|0.08|m|inch|abbr=on}} and covered with cinder, plaster, and tiles, removing in the operation a small basin to collect rainwater that was previously located in the northwest corner. A low, narrow masonry bench {{Convert|0.5|x|0.42|m|ft|abbr=on}} was built along the west, north, and south walls. It was preceded by a step- in front of stairwell 7 and the door to room 6.{{sfn|White|1997|p=128}} The east side of the courtyard opened onto a [[portico]] of two columns with a diameter of {{Convert|0.75|m|inch|abbr=on}} equally spaced. It measures approximately {{Convert|9|×|2.65|m|feet|abbr=on}}. The columns make it possible to estimate the height of the ceiling in rooms 2 and 3 at around {{Convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}. In the middle of the south side of the courtyard opens a {{Convert|1.6|m|feet|abbr=out|adj=on}} monumental door, which was the main access to the south wing of building.{{sfn|White|1997|p=128}}

Originally, this included the house's [[triclinium]], the largest room, about {{Convert|8|×|5.15|m|feet|abbr=on}} that served as a dining room (room 4A). High ceiling (about 5.07 m); it was also raised above the courtyard almost
{{Convert|0.5|m|feet|abbr=on}} and included a peripheral masonry bench covered with a plaster coating. A [[brazier]] was located immediately to the right of the entrance. A small door in the northeast corner was the only access to a secondary room in the southeast corner of the house (room 3), which was probably a utility or storage room for this dining room. Another door in the northwest corner of room 4A opened to a room 4B, which was probably also a utility room.{{sfn|White|1997|p=128}}

[[File:Bible Museum - Christliches Taufbecken Dura Europos.jpg|thumb|Modern reconstruction of the canopy in the baptistry.]]

During the conversion, the two rooms 4A and 4B were joined to form a large, rectangular room
{{Convert|12.9|×|5.15|m|feet|abbr=on}}, the floor of which is raised by back-filling the previous one to a height of the seat. On the east side, a platform was set up against the partition wall separating the new room from room 3, which was preserved: this platform would have accommodated a lectern for a reader or a cathedral.{{sfn|White|1997|p=128}} A hole in the ground next to it would have accommodated the base of a lamp. A window was cut into the wall facing the courtyard, just north of the gate. This large room was the Christian community's meeting room.{{sfn|White|1997|p=129}}

In the house's north wing, room 5, which was approximately {{Convert|7.5|×|4.2|m|feet|abbr=on}} and together with room 6 at the north-west corner, formed the private quarters of the house—perhaps the [[gynaeceum]]. A window was pierced in the south-eastern wall, and the doorway leading to room 6 to the north had a careful decoration that was unusual for an interior door. Room 6 was about {{Convert|6.8|×|3.15|m|feet|abbr=on}}; this was converted into a [[baptistry]]. In its original state, it was a service room. It was first divided in the direction of the height by installing a ceiling at {{cvt|3.45|m}} off the ground. The western part was dug up to the bedrock for the installation of a basin against the western wall.{{sfn|White|1997|p=129}} The basin was {{Convert|1.63|m|feet|abbr=on}} wide and {{Convert|0.95|m|feet|abbr=on}} deep,including {{Convert|0.5|m|feet|abbr=on}} above the ground level of the room. It was topped with brick-and-mortar masonry [[Ciborium (architecture)|ciborium]] consisting of a barrel vault {{Convert|174|m|feet|abbr=on}} wide, which was supported by two pilasters along the west wall and two masonry columns on the east side. A {{Convert|0.2|m|feet|abbr=on}} step was built in front of basin.{{sfn|White|1997|p=130}} The whole constitutes the baptismal pool of a building of worship. On the other side of the room, a low bench {{Convert|0.22|×|0.5|m|feet|abbr=on}} was built along the wall. A semicircular niche is dug in the south wall between the two doors, and a table was set up in front of it. All of the room's the walls received a rich, painted decoration; geometric and plant motifs were painted on the baptismal pool; the room's ceiling and the vault were decorated with white stars on a blue background, according to a pattern quite similar to that of the vault of the [[mithraeum of Dura Europos]]. The decoration of the ciborium also recalls that of the Torah niche in the synagogue; the same artists were probably responsible for both.{{sfn|White|1997|p=130}}

No prominent altar was found and archeologists are unsure where exactly it was located,<ref name=Xavier>{{cite book |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=Neil Xavier |title=Liturgical Orientation: the Position of the President at the Eucharist |series=Joint Liturgical Studies |date=2017 |volume=83 |isbn=978-1-84825-960-7 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33263157 |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>  it was suggested a platform in the big room could have held an altar.{{sfn|Wainwright|2006|p=100}} In contrast with the others, the room serving as the baptistry was very developed.<ref name=Xavier/> The layout of the building's assembly room seems to suggest the emergence of the ritual Christian [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] at this time, with a raised [[dais]] on one end elevating the speaker and making them visible and audible to a large assembly, and the orientation of the room towards the east as opposed to the western Jerusalem, which was already at this moment in history a documented Christian custom.{{sfn|Brody|Hoffman|2011|p=158}} This room's numerous wall paintings were relatively well preserved and were made in the tradition of [[Parthian art]], although their quality is significantly lower than that of the [[Dura-Europos synagogue]].

The building is notably smaller and sports less modifications than the nearby synagogue that was excavated during the same time period, which can generally be attributed to the Christian population in Dura-Europos being much smaller and less affluent than the Jewish population at the time of its construction.{{sfn|Brody|Hoffman|2011|p=157}} Another reason for this may have been restrictions placed on the practice of Christianity by the Roman Empire who had control over Dura-Europos at the time of its construction; the church was small so the believers could met in secret while the building looked the same as other houses of the block.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilford |first1=John Noble |title=A Melting Pot at the Intersection of Empires for Five Centuries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/science/dura-europos-a-melting-pot-at-the-intersection-of-empires.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=20 December 2021 |date=19 December 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Gates|1984}}