Deed

==Deeds of conveyance==
{{morerefs|section|date=August 2023}}
===General and special warranty===
{{main|Warranty deed}}
[[File:Providence, Rhode Island, Original Deed.jpg|thumb|right|The original 1636 [[Aboriginal title in the United States|Indian deed]] creating the Colony of [[Rhode Island]] signed by Native American Chief [[Canonicus]] to [[Roger Williams (theologian)|Roger Williams]]]]

In the transfer of real estate, a deed conveys ownership from the old owner (the grantor) to the new owner (the grantee), and can include various [[Warranty|warranties]]. The precise name and nature of these warranties differ by jurisdiction. Often, however, the basic differences between them is the degree to which the grantor warrants the title. The grantor may give a general warranty of title against any claims, or the warranty may be limited to only claims which occurred after the grantor obtained the real estate. The latter type of deed is usually known as a ''special [[warranty deed]]''. While a ''general warranty deed'' was normally used for residential real estate sales and transfers, special warranty deeds are becoming more common and are more commonly used in commercial transactions.

===Bargain and sale deed===
{{main|Bargain and sale deed}}

A third type of deed, known as a ''bargain and sale deed'', implies that the grantor has the right to convey title but makes no warranties against encumbrances.  This type of deed is most commonly used by court officials or [[Fiduciary|fiduciaries]] that hold the property by force of law rather than title, such as properties seized for unpaid taxes and sold at [[sheriff's sale]], or an [[executor]].

=== Quitclaim deed ===
{{main|Quitclaim deed}}

A so-called ''[[quitclaim deed]]'' is (in most jurisdictions) actually not a deed at all—it is actually an [[estoppel]] disclaiming rights of the person signing it to property.

===Deed of trust===
In some jurisdictions, a [[trust deed (real estate)|deed of trust]] is used as an alternative to a [[Mortgage law|mortgage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=deed of trust |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/deed_of_trust |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> A deed of trust is not used to transfer property directly. It is commonly used in some states — California, for example — to transfer title to land to a “trustee”, usually a trust or title company, which holds the title as security ("in [[escrow]]") for a loan. When the loan is paid off, title is transferred to the borrower by recording a release of the obligation, and the trustee's contingent ownership is extinguished. Otherwise, upon default, the trustee will liquidate the property with a new deed and offset the lender's loss with the proceeds.

===Deeds as alternatives to bankruptcy===
* Deed of arrangement – document setting out an arrangement for a debtor to pay part or all outstanding debts, as an alternative to bankruptcy; (Australian law).<ref name="lawbook">{{cite web|title=Glossary|url=http://www2.lawhandbookonline.com.au/content/LHB10-glossary.48.1.html |publisher=Law Handbook Online|access-date= 11 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918044925/http://www2.lawhandbookonline.com.au/content/LHB10-glossary.48.1.html|archive-date=18 September 2009}}</ref>
* Deed of assignment – document in which a debtor appoints a trustee to take charge of property to pay debts, partly or wholly, as an alternative to bankruptcy; (Australian law).<ref name="lawbook" />

===Sanad===
[[File:Narain 1936.jpg|thumb|A ''sanad'' issued by the governor of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] during the British Raj]]
{{see also|Doctrine of lapse}}
''Sanad'', also spelt as ''sunnud'', was a deed granted to the rulers of native [[princely state]]s in British India confirming them in their ruling position in return for their allegiance to the [[British Raj]].

====Sanad of adoption====
Since the extinction of the royal bloodline would be a ground for [[annexation]] of a principality by the British,<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref> some rulers were also granted ''sanads'' of adoption. Devised as a reward for loyalty to British rule in India, especially after the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], such deeds gave a ruler the right to adopt chosen heirs from local noble families in case of lack of direct issue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Malleson|first= G. B.|title=An historical sketch of the native states of India|url=https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00mallgoog|location=London |year=1875|edition=  1984 Delhi reprint}}</ref> Among the rulers that were given sanads of adoption, [[Takht Singh]], [[Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur]], as well as the rulers of [[Nagod State]], [[Samthar State]] and the [[Chaube Jagirs]] are worth mentioning.