Cigarette Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Global=== {{see also|History of tobacco}} [[File:Mayan priest smoking.jpg|thumb|upright|A reproduction of a carving from the temple at [[Palenque]], Mexico, depicting [[God L|a Maya deity]] using a smoking tube]] The earliest forms of cigarettes were similar to their predecessor, the [[cigar]]. Cigarettes appear to have had antecedents in Mexico and Central America around the 9th century in the form of reeds and smoking tubes. The [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and later the [[Aztec]]s, smoked tobacco and other psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and frequently depicted priests and deities smoking on pottery and temple engravings. The cigarette and the cigar were the most common methods of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central and South America until recent times.<ref>Robicsek, Francis ''Smoke''; ''Ritual Smoking in Central America'' pp. 30β37</ref> The North American, Central American, and South American cigarette used various plant wrappers; when it was brought back to Spain, maize wrappers were introduced, and by the 17th century, fine paper. The resulting product was called ''papelate'' and is documented in [[Francisco Goya|Goya]]'s paintings ''La Cometa'', ''La Merienda en el Manzanares'', and ''El juego de la pelota a pala'' (18th century).<ref name=Goodman93>{{Cite book |author=Goodman, Jordan Elliot |title=Tobacco in history: the cultures of dependence |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/tobaccoinhistory0000good/page/97 97] |isbn=978-0-415-04963-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/tobaccoinhistory0000good/page/97 }}</ref> By 1830, the cigarette had crossed into France, where it received the name ''cigarette''; and in 1845, the French state tobacco monopoly began manufacturing them.<ref name=Goodman93/> The French word made its way into English in the 1840s.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/33001 s.v.]''</ref> Some American reformers promoted the spelling ''cigaret'',<ref>Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education, ''The Spelling Reform'', No. 7-1880, 1881, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gLoV7NUHXBQC&pg=PA25#q=%22cigaret%22 p. 25]</ref><ref>Henry Gallup Paine, [[Simplified Spelling Board]], ''Handbook of Simplified Spelling'', New York, 1920, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofsimpli00simprich/page/6 p. 6]</ref> but this was never widespread and is now largely abandoned.<ref>Google Books Ngram Viewer for [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=cigaret%2Fcigarette%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012&year_start=1860&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%20/%20cigarette%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012%29%3B%2Cc0 ''cigaret'' vs. ''cigarette''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729131018/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=cigaret%2Fcigarette%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%2Ccigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%2Fcigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012&year_start=1860&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%20/%20cigarette%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_us_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_us_2012%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28cigaret%3Aeng_gb_2012%20/%20cigarette%3Aeng_gb_2012%29%3B%2Cc0 |date=July 29, 2020 }} in US and British corpora</ref> Cigarettes are sometimes also called a ''fag'' in British slang.<ref>{{Cite OED|fag|id=67609}}</ref> The first patented cigarette-making machine was invented by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoThFsOZfskC&q=Cigarette+Patent+Abridgment&pg=PA180|title=Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications|date=December 29, 1870|via=Google Books|last1=Office|first1=Patent}}</ref> In the 1850s, Turkish cigarette leaves had become popular.{{Sfn|Cox|2000|p=21}} However, production climbed markedly when another cigarette-making machine was developed in the 1880s by [[James Albert Bonsack]], which vastly increased the productivity of cigarette companies, which went from making about 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes daily to around 4 million.<ref name=advertising>{{cite magazine|last=James |first=Randy |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1905530,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921054816/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1905530,00.html |archive-date=September 21, 2011 |title=A Brief History Of Cigarette Advertising |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 15, 2009 |access-date=March 25, 2012}}</ref> At the time, these imported cigarettes from America had significant sales among British smokers.{{Sfn|Cox|2000|p=21}} In the English-speaking world, the use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly widespread during and after the [[Crimean War]], when British soldiers began emulating their [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman Turkish]] comrades and Russian enemies, who had begun rolling and smoking tobacco in strips of old newspaper for lack of proper cigar-rolling leaf.<ref name=Goodman93/> This was helped by the development of tobaccos suitable for cigarette use, and by the development of the [[Egyptian cigarette industry|Egyptian cigarette export industry]]. [[File:La cometa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Francisco Goya]]'s ''La Cometa'', depicting a (foreground left) man smoking an early quasicigarette]] Cigarettes may have been initially used in a manner similar to [[Smoking pipe|pipe]]s, [[cigar]]s, and [[cigarillo]]s and not inhaled.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} As cigarette tobacco became milder and more acidic, inhaling may have become perceived as more agreeable;{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} a sentiment supported by advertising in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Do you inhale? |url=https://tobacco.stanford.edu/cigarettes/for-your-health/do-you-inhale/# |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> However, [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder|Helmuth von Moltke]] noticed in the 1830s that Ottomans (and he himself) inhaled the [[Turkish tobacco]] and [[Latakia (tobacco)|Latakia]] from their pipes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/3038/30 |title=Projekt Gutenberg-DE - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Nachrichten - Kultur |publisher=Gutenberg.spiegel.de |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053202/http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/3038/30 |url-status=live }}</ref> (which are both initially sun-cured, acidic leaf varieties). [[File:There's nothing like a Camel, 1942.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A 1942 ad encourages women to smoke [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel]] brand cigarettes.]] The widespread smoking of cigarettes in the Western world is largely a 20th-century phenomenon. By the late 19th century cigarettes were known as ''coffin nails''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffin%20nail | title=Definition of coffin nail | access-date=January 9, 2019 | archive-date=January 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014005/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffin%20nail | url-status=live }}</ref> but the link between [[lung cancer]] and smoking was not established until the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Study That Helped Spur the U.S. Stop-Smoking Movement |url=https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/the-study-that-helped-spur-the-us-stop-smoking-movement.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150108/https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/the-study-that-helped-spur-the-us-stop-smoking-movement.html |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |access-date=May 25, 2021 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> German doctors were the first to make the link, and it led to the first [[Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany|antitobacco movement in Nazi Germany]].<ref>Roffo, A. H. (January 8, 1940). "Krebserzeugende Tabakwirkung" [Carcingogenic effects of tobacco]. (in German). Berlin: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. Retrieved September 13, 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2471/BLT.06.031682 | last1 = Proctor | first1 = R. N. | title = Angel H Roffo: The forgotten father of experimental tobacco carcinogenesis | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 494β496 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16799735 | pmc = 2627373 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morabia |first=Alfredo |date=November 2017 |title=Anti-Tobacco Propaganda: Soviet Union Versus Nazi Germany |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=1708β1710 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.304087 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=5637694 |pmid=29019774}}</ref> [[File:London , Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield edit.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cigarette brands, including [[Craven A|Craven "A"]], advertised in [[Shaftesbury Avenue]], London in 1949]] During World War I and World War II, cigarettes were rationed to soldiers. During the [[Vietnam War]], cigarettes were included with [[C-ration]] meals. In 1975, the U.S. government stopped putting cigarettes in military rations. During the second half of the 20th century, the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking started to become widely known and printed health warnings became common on cigarette packets. Graphical cigarette warning labels are a more effective method to communicate to the public the dangers of cigarette smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hammond D, Fong GT, McNeill A, Borland R, Cummings KM |title=Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey |journal=Tob Control |volume=15 |issue= Suppl 3|pages=iii19β25 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16754942 |doi=10.1136/tc.2005.012294 |pmc=2593056}}</ref> Canada, Mexico, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru,<ref>ccpa.unc.edu</ref> Greece, the Netherlands,<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019 Country profile Netherlands |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/nld.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322212801/http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/nld.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref> New Zealand, Norway, Hungary, the United Kingdom, France, Romania, Singapore, Egypt, Jordan, Nepal and Turkey all have both textual warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco use has on the human body. The United States has implemented textual but not graphical warnings. The cigarette has evolved much since its conception; for example, the thin bands that travel transverse to the "axis of smoking" (thus forming circles along the length of the cigarette) are alternate sections of thin and thick paper to facilitate effective burning when being drawn, and retard burning when at rest. Synthetic particulate filters may remove some of the tar before it reaches the smoker. The "holy grail" for cigarette companies has been a cancer-free cigarette. On record, the closest historical attempt was produced by scientist James Mold. Under the name project TAME, he produced the XA cigarette. However, in 1978, his project was terminated.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/9509679/Will-smoking-ever-be-safe.html |title=Quest for a safer cigarette |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Will |last=Storr |date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=April 5, 2018 |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091309/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/9509679/Will-smoking-ever-be-safe.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_D._Mold |title=Project XA |access-date=September 25, 2012 |archive-date=February 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220122352/http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_D._Mold |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/safer-cigarettes-history.html|title= Safer cigarette history|website= [[PBS]]|date= October 2, 2001|access-date= August 25, 2017|archive-date= April 23, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105102/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/safer-cigarettes-history.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Since 1950, the average nicotine and tar content of cigarettes has steadily fallen. Research has shown that the fall in overall nicotine content has led to smokers inhaling larger volumes per puff.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The changing cigarette, 1950-1995 | last1=Hoffmann | first1=D | journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health |date=March 1997 | volume=50 | issue=4 |pages=307–364 | pmid=9120872 | doi=10.1080/009841097160393| bibcode=1997JTEHA..50..307H }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page