Antisemitism in the United States

===Roots of American attitudes towards Jews and Jewish history in America===
{{main|History of antisemitism in the United States}}
Krefetz (1985) asserts that antisemitism in the 1980s seems "rooted less in [[Religious antisemitism|religion]] or contempt and more rooted in envy, jealousy and fear" of Jewish affluence, and the hidden power of "[[Economic antisemitism|Jewish money]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krefetz |first=Gerald |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8903309 |title=Jews and money : the myths and the reality |date=1982 |publisher=Ticknor & Fields |others=Mazal Holocaust Collection |isbn=0-89919-129-0 |location=New Haven |oclc=8903309}}</ref> Historically, antisemitic attitudes and rhetoric have tended to increase whenever the United States has faced a serious economic crisis,<ref>[[Michelle Goldberg|Goldberg, Michelle]]. ''Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. pp. 186-187.</ref> as well as during moments of political and social uncertainty and fear, such as with the rise of [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] anti-immigration organizing in the early twentieth century, the emergence of the [[Nazism|Nazi]]-affiliated [[German-American Bund]] in the 1930s, and the [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] political movement during the [[Red Scare]].<ref>Richard Frankel, "One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany." ''American Jewish History'' 97.3 (July 2013): 235-258.</ref> Academic David Greenberg has written in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', "Extreme [[anti-communism]] always contained an antisemitic component: Radical, alien Jews, in their [[demonology]], orchestrated the Communist conspiracy." He also has argued that, in the years which followed [[World War II]], some groups on "[[Radical right (United States)|the American right]] remained closely tied to the unvarnished antisemites of the '30s who railed against the 'Jew Deal'", a bigoted term which was used against the [[New Deal]] measures of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].<ref name=slate>{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=David|title=Nixon and the Jews. Again.|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2002/03/nixon_and_the_jews_again.html |access-date=August 29, 2018|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=March 12, 2002}}</ref> American antisemites have viewed the fraudulent text ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' as a real reference to a supposed Jewish cabal which was out to subvert and ultimately destroy the U.S.<ref name=beck>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/feb/02/far-right-glenn-beck|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=31 January 2015|date=2 February 2011|title=Glenn Beck and the echoes of Charles Coughlin|first=Paul|last=Harris}}</ref> Both the association of Jews with Communism and the fixation on a Jewish cabal purported in ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' are conspiracies transplanted to the American context from European modernity: in a moment of economic revolution and socialist politics rising in contexts across Europe, conservative leaders from Christian Russia to interwar Great Britain manipulated a public fear of [[Jewish Bolshevism]] to scapegoat Jewish populations for strategic political gain.<ref>Hanebrink, Paul. ''A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism''. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2018. pp. 11-20.</ref>

The "[[Great Replacement]]" theme, a version of the broader [[white genocide conspiracy theory]], was stressed by people who highlighted the supposed threat of [[American Jews|Jews]] and other [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]] replacing [[Americans]] who were born in the country.<ref>Andrew S. Winston, "'Jews will not replace us!': Antisemitism, Interbreeding and Immigration in Historical Context." ''American Jewish History'' 105.1 (2021): 1-24.</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s, antisemitic activists were led by [[Henry Ford#Antisemitism and The Dearborn Independent|Henry Ford]] and other figures like [[Charles Lindbergh]], [[William Dudley Pelley]], [[Charles Coughlin]] and [[Gerald L. K. Smith]], and some of them were also members of organizations like the [[America First Committee]], the [[Christian Nationalist Crusade]], the [[German American Bund]], the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and the [[Silver Legion of America]]. They promulgated [[Antisemitic canard|canards]] and [[List of conspiracy theories#Antisemitism|various interrelated conspiracy theories]] that widely spread the fear that, through an evil transnational network, Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of [[white Americans]] along with the fear that Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of [[Christianity in the United States]].<ref>See Andrew S. Winston, "'Jews will not replace us!': Antisemitism, Interbreeding and Immigration in Historical Context." ''American Jewish History'' 105.1 (2021): 1-24. at p. 6.</ref><ref>Leonard Dinnerstein, ''Anti-Semitism in America'' (1994) pp 78-127.</ref>