Quarantine

===United States===
In the United States, authority to quarantine people with infectious diseases is split between the state and federal governments. States (and [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal governments]] recognised by the federal government)<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/aboutlawsregulationsquarantineisolation.html Legal Authorities for Isolation and Quarantine] 8 October 2014, ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'', accessed 6 February 2020</ref> have primary authority to quarantine people within their boundaries. Federal jurisdiction only applies to people moving across state or national borders, or people on federal property.<ref>[https://time.com/3516827/cdc-constitution-quarantine/ The CDC Has Less Power Than You Think, and Likes it That Way] 17 October 2014, Denver Nicks ''time.com'', accessed 6 February 2020</ref>

====Federal rules====
{{cleanup|reason=Summary of CDC quarantine regulations and powers only covers recent changes rather than explaining the whole body of regulations.|date=February 2020}}
Communicable diseases for which apprehension, detention, or conditional release of people are authorised must be specified in [[Executive Order]]s of the President.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regulations to control communicable diseases|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2013-title42/html/USCODE-2013-title42-chap6A-subchapII-partG-sec264.htm#264_1_target|website=gpo.gov|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>  As of 2014, these include Executive Orders 13295<ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13295| title = Executive Order 13295}}</ref> 13375, and 13674; the latest executive order specifies the following infectious diseases: [[cholera]], [[diphtheria]], infectious [[tuberculosis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]], [[smallpox]], [[yellow fever]], [[viral haemorrhagic fevers]] ([[Lassa fever|Lassa]], [[Marburg virus|Marburg]], [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola]], [[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever|Crimean-Congo]], [[Arenavirus|South American]], and others not yet isolated or named), [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]]s (SARS), and [[influenza]] from a novel or re-emergent source.<ref>{{cite web|title=Specific Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/specificlawsregulations.html|website=cdc.gov|location=bottom of page, in "Executive Orders" paragraph|date=31 July 2014 |access-date= 4 March 2020}}</ref>

The [[Department of Health and Human Services]] is responsible for quarantine decisions, specifically the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]'s [[Division of Global Migration and Quarantine]]. As of 21 March 2017, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) regulations specify:<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/final-rule-communicable-diseases.html Specific Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases] – Final Rule for Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate and Foreign ''www.cdc.gov'', accessed 4 March 2020</ref>
* All [[Commercial aviation|commercial passenger flights]] must report deaths or illnesses to the CDC.
* Individuals must apply for a travel permit if they are under a Federal quarantine, isolation, or [[conditional release]] order.
* When an individual who is moving between U.S. states is "reasonably believed to be infected" with a quarantinable communicable disease in a "qualifying stage", the CDC may apprehend or examine that individual for potential infection.
* This includes new regulatory authority permitting the CDC Director to prohibit the importation of animals or products that pose a threat to public health.

The rules:
* Do not authorise compulsory medical testing, vaccination, or medical treatment without prior [[informed consent]].
* Require CDC to advise individuals subject to [[medical examination]]s that they will be conducted by an authorised health worker and with prior informed consent.
* Include strong [[due process]] protections for individuals subject to public health orders, including a right to counsel for [[indigent]] individuals.
* Limit to 72 hours the amount of time that an individual may be apprehended pending the issuance of a federal order for isolation, quarantine, or conditional release.

====US quarantine facilities====
{{update section|date=February 2020}} <!-- quarantine facilities have been operating for Wuhan coronavirus -->
The [[Division of Global Migration Health]] (DGMH) of the US [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) operates small quarantine facilities at a number of US ports of entry. As of 2014, these included one land crossing (in [[El Paso, Texas]]) and 19 international airports.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/QuarantineStationContactListFull.html Quarantine Station Contact List, Map, and Fact Sheets] (CDC)</ref><ref name=acrp2008>{{citation
|url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rpt_005.pdf
|title=Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs
|series=TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 5
|year=2008
|first1=Hollis |last1=Stambaugh
|first2=Daryl  |last2=Sensenig
|first3=Rocco  |last3=Casagrande
|first4=Shania  |last4=Flagg
|first5=Bruce  |last5=Gerrity
|publisher=The National Academies Press
|doi=10.17226/13989
|isbn=978-0-309-09940-0
}}</ref><ref group=note>The 19 airports with quarantine facilities are in Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York City (JFK), Newark, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. (Dulles).</ref>

Besides the [[port of entry]] where it is located, each station is also responsible for quarantining potentially infected travellers entering through any ports of entry in its assigned region. These facilities are fairly small; each one is operated by a few staff members and capable of accommodating 1–2 travellers for a short observation period.<ref name="acrp2008" /> Cost estimates for setting up a temporary larger facility, capable of accommodating 100 to 200 travellers for several weeks, have been published by the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) in 2008 of the [[Transportation Research Board]].<ref name="acrp2008" />

====US quarantine of imported goods====
The United States puts immediate quarantines on imported products if a contagious disease is identified and can be traced back to a certain shipment or product. All imports will also be quarantined if the disease appears in other countries.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} According to Title [http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Resources/ResourcesPDFs/4quarantine.pdf 42 U.S.C. §§264 and 266] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083040/http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Resources/ResourcesPDFs/4quarantine.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, these statutes provide the [[Secretary of Health and Human Services]] peacetime and wartime authority to control the movement of people into and within the United States to prevent the spread of communicable disease.
[[File:Columbia River Quarantine Station - Knappton Washington.jpg|thumb|The quarantine hospital building (lazaretto) at the historic Columbia River Quarantine Station near Knappton, Washington]]

====History of quarantine laws in the US====
[[File:PHSQuarentineStationNOLA1957.jpg|thumb|Public Health Service Quarantine Station, [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], 1957]]
Quarantine law began in Colonial America in 1663, when in an attempt to curb an outbreak of [[smallpox]], the city of New York established a quarantine. In the 1730s, the city built a quarantine station on the [[Bedloe's Island]].<ref name="Lazaretto">{{cite web |url= http://www.ushistory.org/laz/history/index.htm |title=Lazaretto Quarantine Station, Tinicum Township, Delaware County, PA: History |access-date=24 April 2008 |publisher= [[ushistory.org]]}}</ref> The [[Philadelphia Lazaretto]] was the first quarantine hospital in the United States, built in 1799, in <!-- [[Essington, Pennsylvania|Essington]], --> [[Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Tinicum Township]], [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Delaware County]], Pennsylvania.<ref name="City">{{cite web |url= http://www.phila.gov/Health/Commissioner/History/ContagiousDiseaseControl.html | title=Contagious Disease Control, The Lazaretto | access-date=21 November 2007 |publisher=[[City of Philadelphia]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080508033044/http://www.phila.gov/Health/Commissioner/History/ContagiousDiseaseControl.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 8 May 2008}}</ref> There are similar national landmarks such as the [[Columbia River Quarantine Station]], [[Swinburne Island]]  and [[Angel Island (California)#Angel Island Immigration Station|Angel Island]]. The [[Pest House (Concord, Massachusetts)|Pest House]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]] was used as early as 1752 to quarantine those with cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox.

In early June 1832, during the cholera epidemic in New York, Governor [[Enos Throop]] called a special session of the Legislature for 21 June, to pass a Public Health Act by both Houses of the State Legislature. It included to a strict quarantine along the Upper and Lower New York-Canadian frontier. In addition, New York City Mayor Walter Browne established a quarantine against all peoples and products of Europe and Asia, which prohibited ships from approaching closer than 300 yards to the city, and all vehicles were ordered to stop 1.5 miles away.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.varsitytutors.com/earlyamerica/early-america-review/volume-4/the-1832-cholera-epidemic-part-2| title = G. William Beardslee, "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic – Part 2: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio."| access-date = 6 March 2019| archive-date = 18 May 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518003717/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The Immigrant Inspection Station on [[Ellis Island]], built in 1892, is often mistakenly assumed to have been a quarantine station, however its marine hospital ([[Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital]]) only qualified as a contagious disease facility to handle less virulent diseases like measles, [[trachoma]] and less advanced stages of tuberculosis and diphtheria; those affected by smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, leprosy or typhoid fever, could neither be received nor treated there.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yew|first=E.|date=June 1980|title=Medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1891-1924.|journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine|volume=56|issue=5|pages=488–510 |pmc=1805119|pmid=6991041}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birn|first=Anne-Emanuelle|date=1997|title=Six Seconds Per Eyelid: the medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1892-1914|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/download/106118/165458|journal=DYNAMIS. Acta Hisp. Med. Sci. Hist.|volume=17|pages=289|pmid=11623552}}</ref>

[[Mary Mallon]] was quarantined in 1907 under the Greater New York Charter, Sections 1169–1170,<ref>Judith Walzer Leavitt, ''Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health,'' Beacon Press, 1996, p. 71. {{ISBN|0807021032}}</ref> which permitted the [[New York City Board of Health]] to "remove to a proper place…any person sick with any contagious, pestilential or infectious disease."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6864674_000/index.html The Greater New York Charter as enacted in 1897] ''www.columbia.edu'', accessed 2 February 2020</ref>

During the [[1918 flu pandemic]], people were also quarantined. Most commonly suspect cases of infectious diseases are requested to voluntarily quarantine themselves, and Federal and local quarantine statutes only have been uncommonly invoked since then, including for a suspected [[smallpox]] case in 1963.<ref>{{cite news |title=Get In That Bubble, Boy! When can the government quarantine its citizens? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2007/06/get_in_that_bubble_boy.html |quote= In fact, until this recent situation, the CDC hadn't issued such an order since 1963, when it quarantined a woman for smallpox exposure. Even during the SARS epidemic in 2003, officials relied mostly on voluntary isolation and quarantine. And the last large-scale quarantine in the U.S. took place during the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918–19. ... |newspaper=[[Slate magazine]] |date=1 June 2007 |access-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref>

The 1944 [[Public Health Service Act]] "to apprehend, detain, and examine certain infected persons who are peculiarly likely to cause the interstate spread of disease" clearly established the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]'s quarantine authority for the first time. It gave the [[United States Public Health Service]] responsibility for preventing the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the United States, and expanded quarantine authority to include incoming aircraft.<ref name = "CDC"/> The act states that "...any individual reasonably believed to be infected with a communicable disease in a qualifying stage and...if found to be infected, may be detained for such time and in such manner as may be reasonably necessary."<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 1403520|year = 1994|title = Public Health Service Act, 1944|journal = Public Health Reports|volume = 109|issue = 4|pages = 468|pmid = 8041843}}</ref>

No federal quarantine orders were issued from 1963 until 2020, as American citizens were evacuated from China during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/american-evacuated-china-wary-deadly-virus-68658460 U.S. evacuees 'relieved' about quarantine on military base] 1 February 2020, AMY TAXIN ''abcnews.go.com'', accessed 6 February 2020</ref>