Quakers

===Friends and slavery===
{{See also|Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|Abolitionism in the United States}}
Some Quakers in America and Britain became known for their involvement in the abolitionist movement. In the early history of [[Colonial America]], it was fairly common for Friends to own slaves, [[History of slavery in Pennsylvania#British colony|e.g. in Pennsylvania]]. During the early to mid-1700s, disquiet about this practice arose among Friends, best exemplified by the testimonies of [[Benjamin Lay]], [[Anthony Benezet]] and [[John Woolman]], and this resulted in an abolition movement among Friends. 

Nine of the twelve founding members of the [[Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade]], or The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, were Quakers:<ref name=hoi>{{cite web | title=Foundation of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade| website=History of Information | url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3700  | access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> [[John Barton (quaker)|John Barton]] (1755–1789); [[William Dillwyn]] (1743–1824); George Harrison (1747–1827); [[Samuel Hoare Jr]] (1751–1825); Joseph Hooper (1732–1789); John Lloyd; [[Joseph Woods (abolitionist)|Joseph Woods]] Sr (1738–1812); James Phillips (1745–1799); and Richard Phillips.<ref name =anjou>{{cite book |author=Leo D'Anjou |title=Social Movements and Cultural Change: The First Abolition Campaign |year=1996 |publisher=Aldine de Gruyter |isbn= 978-0-202-30522-6 |page=198}}</ref> Five of the Quakers had been amongst the informal group of six Quakers who had pioneered the movement in 1783, when the first petition against the slave trade was presented to Parliament. As Quakers could not serve as Members of Parliament, they relied on the help of Anglican men who could, such as [[William Wilberforce]] and his brother-in-law [[James Stephen (British politician)|James Stephen]].

By the beginning of the [[American Revolutionary War]], few Friends owned slaves. At the war's end in 1783, Yarnall family members along with fellow Meeting House Friends made a failed petition to the [[Continental Congress]] to abolish [[slavery in the United States]]. In 1790, the Society of Friends petitioned the [[United States Congress]] to abolish slavery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quaker Petition on Slavery (1790)1 |url=https://iws.oupsupport.com/protected/files/content/file/1607148377342-quaker_petition_on_slavery.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2021 |agency=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

One example of a reversal in sentiment about slavery took place in the life of [[Moses Brown]], one of four Rhode Island brothers who, in 1764, organized and funded the tragic and fateful voyage of the [[slave ship]] ''Sally''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cds.library.brown.edu/projects/sally/|title=The Voyage of the Slave Ship Sally: 1764–1765|website=cds.library.brown.edu}}</ref> Brown broke away from his three brothers, became an abolitionist, and converted to Christian Quakerism. During the 19th century, Quakers such as [[Levi Coffin]] and [[Isaac Hopper]] played a major role in helping enslaved people escape through the [[Underground Railroad]].<ref>Ralph Dannheiser, "[http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/11/20081112170035abretnuh3.838748e-02.html Quakers Played Major Role in Ending Slavery in the U.S]", IIP Digital, 12 November 2008</ref> Black Quaker [[Paul Cuffe]], a sea captain and businessman, was active in the abolitionist and [[American Colonization Society|resettlement movement]] in the early part of that century.<ref>{{cite book|first =Rosland Cobb|last= Wiggins|chapter= Paul Cuffe: Early Pan-Africanist|title=Black Quakers, Brief Biographies|editor-first= Kenneth|editor-last= Ives|publisher= Progressive Publisher|date= 1995|isbn= 9780896700239}}</ref> Quaker [[Laura Smith Haviland]], with her husband, established the first station on the Underground Railroad in Michigan. Later, Haviland befriended [[Sojourner Truth]], who called her the Superintendent of the Underground Railroad.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003936719 |title=A Quaker pioneer: Laura Haviland, Superintendent of the Underground |first=Mildred E. |last=Danforth |series=Exposition-banner book |publisher=Exposition Press |location=New York |date=1961}}</ref>

However, in the 1830s, the abolitionist [[Grimké sisters]] dissociated themselves from the Quakers "when they saw that Negro Quakers were segregated in separate pews in the Philadelphia meeting house".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rebels against slavery |newspaper=[[Boston Globe]] |date=March 10, 1968 |page=358 |via=[[newspapers.com]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38265245/the-boston-globe/}}</ref>