New Zealand

===Art===
{{Main|New Zealand art}}
[[File:Hinepare.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of Hinepare of [[Ngāti Kahungunu]] by [[Gottfried Lindauer]], showing chin [[Tā moko|moko]], [[pounamu]] [[hei-tiki]] and woven cloak|alt=Refer to caption]]
As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised, and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.<ref name="Creative">{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Visual arts and crafts |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/2 |access-date =4 February 2011}}</ref> Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Elements of Carving |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/4 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Surface Patterns |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/5 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (''[[wharenui]]'') decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKay |first=Bill |title=Māori architecture: transforming western notions of architecture |date=2004 |journal=Fabrications |volume=14 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=1–12 |url= http://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/fab/article/viewFile/108/126|doi=10.1080/10331867.2004.10525189|s2cid=144007691 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513145228/http://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/fab/article/viewFile/108/126 |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref>

Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red [[ochre]] and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Painted Designs |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/8 |access-date=15 February 2011|date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Māori tattoos (''[[Tā moko|moko]]'') consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Tattooing |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/9 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<ref name="beginnings">{{cite web |title=Beginnings – history of NZ painting |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-painting-history/beginnings |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=December 2010 |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as an ideal race untainted by civilisation.<ref name="beginnings" /> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of [[Regionalism (art)|regionalism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A new New Zealand art – history of NZ painting |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-painting-history/a-new-new-zealand-art |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=November 2010 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contemporary Maori art |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-painting-history/contemporary-maori-art |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=November 2010 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the [[Venice Biennale]] in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<ref name="Creative" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Paradise Lost: Contemporary Pacific Art at the Asia Society |first=Julie |last=Rauer |url= http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/paradise/article.html |work=AsianArt.com |location=Santa Fe, New Mexico, US |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref>

Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Textile Designs |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/10 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> [[Pounamu|Greenstone]] was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the [[hei-tiki]], a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<ref>{{cite book |first=Basil |last=Keane |chapter=Pounamu – jade or greenstone – Implements and adornment |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/pounamu-jade-or-greenstone/4 |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |chapter=Society – Food, drink and dress |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/society/9 |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Design and fashion |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/3 |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Economist print edition" /> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<ref name="The Economist print edition">{{cite news |title=Fashion in New Zealand – New Zealand's fashion industry |newspaper=The Economist |date=28 February 2008 |url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=E1_TDSGGNTD |access-date =6 August 2009}}</ref>