Human Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Motivation and emotion === {{Main|Motivation|Emotion}} [[File:Plate depicting emotions of grief from Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration of grief from [[Charles Darwin]]'s 1872 book ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'']] Human motivation is not yet wholly understood. From a psychological perspective, [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] is a well-established theory that can be defined as the process of satisfying certain needs in ascending order of complexity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html|title=Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs|vauthors=McLeod S|date=20 March 2020|website=Simplypsychology.org|publisher=Simply Scholar Limited|access-date=4 April 2020|quote=Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.|archive-date=8 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108083314/https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From a more general, philosophical perspective, human motivation can be defined as a commitment to, or withdrawal from, various goals requiring the application of human ability. Furthermore, [[incentive]] and [[preference]] are both factors, as are any perceived links between incentives and preferences. [[Volition (psychology)|Volition]] may also be involved, in which case willpower is also a factor. Ideally, both motivation and volition ensure the selection, striving for, and [[Realisation (metrology)|realization]] of goals in an optimal manner, a [[Function (biology)|function]] beginning in childhood and continuing throughout a lifetime in a process known as [[socialization]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Heckhausen J, Heckhausen H |chapter=Motivation and Action: Introduction and Overview |date=28 March 2018|title=Motivation and Action|location=Introduction and Overview|publisher=Springer, Cham|page=1|isbn=978-3-319-65093-7|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_1}}</ref> Emotions are [[biological]] states associated with the nervous system<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Damasio AR | title = Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system | journal = Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews | volume = 26 | issue = 2β3 | pages = 83β86 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9651488 | doi = 10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7 | s2cid = 8504450 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ekman P, Davidson RJ |title=The Nature of emotion : fundamental questions|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508944-8|location=New York|pages=291β293|quote=Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.}}</ref> brought on by [[Neurophysiology|neurophysiological]] changes variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of [[pleasure]] or [[Suffering|displeasure]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cabanac M | date = 2002 | title = What is emotion? | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 60 | issue = 2 | pages = 69β83 | quote = Emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure) | doi = 10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5 | pmid = 12426062 | s2cid = 24365776 }}</ref><ref name="Schacter">{{cite book| vauthors = Scirst DL |url= https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 |title=Psychology Second Edition|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4292-3719-2|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 310]}}</ref> They are often [[Reciprocal influence|intertwined]] with [[Mood (psychology)|mood]], [[temperament]], [[Personality psychology|personality]], [[disposition]], [[creativity]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Averill JR | title = Individual differences in emotional creativity: structure and correlates | journal = Journal of Personality | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 331β371 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10202807 | doi = 10.1111/1467-6494.00058 }}</ref> and motivation. Emotion has a significant influence on human behavior and their ability to learn.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tyng CM, Amin HU, Saad MN, Malik AS | title = The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 8 | page = 1454 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28883804 | pmc = 5573739 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Acting on extreme or uncontrolled emotions can lead to social disorder and crime,<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Van Gelder JL|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317042659|title=Oxford Bibliographies in Criminology|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=November 2016|veditors=Wright R|chapter=Emotions in Criminal Decision Making|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211201/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317042659|url-status=live}}</ref> with studies showing criminals may have a lower [[emotional intelligence]] than normal.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharma N, Prakash O, Sengar KS, Chaudhury S, Singh AR | title = The relation between emotional intelligence and criminal behavior: A study among convicted criminals | journal = Industrial Psychiatry Journal | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 54β58 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26257484 | pmc = 4525433 | doi = 10.4103/0972-6748.160934 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Emotional experiences perceived as [[pleasure|pleasant]], such as [[joy]], [[Interest (emotion)|interest]] or [[contentment]], contrast with those perceived as [[suffering|unpleasant]], like [[anxiety]], [[sadness]], [[anger]], and [[Depression (mood)|despair]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fredrickson BL | title = The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions | journal = The American Psychologist | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 218β226 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11315248 | pmc = 3122271 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218 }}</ref> [[Happiness]], or the state of being happy, is a human emotional condition. The definition of happiness is a common philosophical topic. Some define it as experiencing the [[feeling]] of positive [[Affect (psychology)|emotional affects]], while avoiding the negative ones.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haybron DM | title = The proper pursuit of happiness. | journal = Res Philosophica | date = August 2013 | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | pages = 387β411 | doi = 10.11612/resphil.2013.90.3.5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Haybron DM | date = 13 April 2014 | work = The Opinion Pages | publisher = The New York Times | title = Happiness and Its Discontents | url = https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/happiness-and-its-discontents/ | quote = I would suggest that when we talk about happiness, we are actually referring, much of the time, to a complex emotional phenomenon. Call it emotional well-being. Happiness as emotional well-being concerns your emotions and moods, more broadly your emotional condition as a whole. To be happy is to inhabit a favorable emotional state.... On this view, we can think of happiness, loosely, as the opposite of anxiety and depression. Being in good spirits, quick to laugh and slow to anger, at peace and untroubled, confident and comfortable in your own skin, engaged, energetic and full of life. | access-date = 30 July 2022 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012094415/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/happiness-and-its-discontents/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Others see it as an appraisal of [[life satisfaction]] or [[quality of life]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Graham MC |title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment|date=2014|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5|pages=6β10}}</ref> Recent research suggests that being happy might involve experiencing some negative emotions when humans feel they are warranted.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 August 2017|title=Secret to happiness may include more unpleasant emotions: Research contradicts idea that people should always seek pleasure to be happy|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170814092813.htm|access-date=25 October 2020|website=ScienceDaily|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111181025/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170814092813.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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