High Middle Ages

===Scholasticism===
{{main|Scholasticism}}
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The new [[Christianity|Christian]] method of learning was influenced by [[Anselm of Canterbury]] (1033–1109) from the rediscovery of the works of [[Aristotle]], at first indirectly through Medieval Jewish and Muslim Philosophy ([[Maimonides]], [[Avicenna]], and [[Averroes]]) and then through [[Aristotle]]'s own works brought back from [[Byzantine]] and Muslim libraries; and those whom he influenced, most notably [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Bonaventure]] and [[Peter Abelard|Abélard]]. Many scholastics believed in [[empiricism]] and supporting Roman Catholic doctrines through secular study, reason, and logic. They opposed [[Christian mysticism]], and the Platonist-Augustinian belief that the [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|mind]] is an immaterial substance. The most famous of the [[Scholasticism|scholastics]] was [[Thomas Aquinas]] (later declared a "[[Doctor of the Church]]"), who led the move away from the [[Platonism|Platonic]] and [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] and towards Aristotelianism. Aquinas developed a [[philosophy of mind]] by writing that the [[mind]] was at birth a ''[[tabula rasa]]'' ("blank slate") that was given the ability to think and recognize forms or ideas through a divine spark. Other notable scholastics included [[Averroes|Muhammad Averroes]], [[Roscellinus|Roscelin]], Abélard, [[Peter Lombard]], and [[Francisco Suárez]]. One of the main questions during this time was the [[problem of universals]]. Prominent opponents of various aspects of the scholastic mainstream included [[Duns Scotus]], [[William of Ockham]], [[Peter Damian]], [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], and the [[Victorines]].