Feminism

==== Black and postcolonial ideologies ====
{{Further|Intersectional feminism}}

[[Sara Ahmed]] argues that [[Black feminism|Black]] and [[Postcolonial feminism|postcolonial]] feminisms pose a challenge "to some of the organizing premises of Western feminist thought".<ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite book |author=Ahmed, Sarta |title= Transformations: Thinking Through Feminism |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-22066-8 |page=111}}</ref> During much of its [[history of feminism|history]], feminist movements and [[#Theoretical schools|theoretical developments]] were led predominantly by middle-class white women from Western Europe and North America.<ref name="Walker">{{Cite book|author=Walker, Alice |title=In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose |year=1983 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |location=San Diego |isbn=978-0-15-144525-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofourmot00walk/page/397 397] |title-link=In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose }}</ref><ref name="BFT">{{cite book |last=Hill Collins |first=P. |title=Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment |url=https://archive.org/details/blackfeministtho0000coll |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackfeministtho0000coll/page/n308 1]–335}}</ref><ref name="Narayan"/> However, women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms.<ref name="BFT" /> This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the civil rights movement in the United States and the end of Western European colonialism in Africa, the Caribbean, parts of Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Since that time, women in [[Third World|developing nations]] and [[postcolonialism|former colonies]] and who are of colour or various ethnicities or living in poverty have proposed additional feminisms.<ref name="Narayan" /> [[Womanism]]<ref name="Ogunyemi">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/494200 |title=Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English |year=1985 |last1=Ogunyemi |first1=Chikwenye Okonjo |journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=63–80 |jstor=3174287|s2cid=143836306 }}</ref><ref name="Kolawole">{{Cite book |author=Kolawole, Mary Ebun Modupe |title=Womanism and African Consciousness |year=1997 |publisher=Africa World Press |location=Trenton, N.J. |isbn=978-0-86543-540-7 |page=216}}</ref> emerged after early feminist movements were largely white and middle-class.<ref name="Walker" /> Postcolonial feminists argue that colonial oppression and Western feminism marginalized postcolonial women but did not turn them passive or voiceless.<ref name=Weedon>{{cite journal |last=Weedon |first=Chris |title=Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective |year=2002 |url=http://www.genderforum.org/issues/genderealisations/key-issues-in-postcolonial-feminism-a-western-perspective/ |journal=Gender Forum |issue=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002056/http://www.genderforum.org/issues/genderealisations/key-issues-in-postcolonial-feminism-a-western-perspective/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Third-world feminism]] and [[indigenous feminism]] are closely related to postcolonial feminism.<ref name="Narayan">{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Uma |title=Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-91418-5 |pages=20–28, 113, 161–87}}</ref> These ideas also correspond with ideas in [[African feminism]], motherism,<ref name="Acholonu">{{Cite book |last=Obianuju Acholonu |first=Catherine |title=Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism |year=1995 |publisher=Afa Publ. |isbn=978-978-31997-1-2 |page=144}}</ref> Stiwanism,<ref name="Ogundipe-Leslie">{{Cite book |last=Ogundipe-Leslie |first=Molara |title=Re-creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations |year=1994 |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=978-0-86543-412-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/recreatingoursel00ogun/page/262 262] |url=https://archive.org/details/recreatingoursel00ogun/page/262 }}</ref> negofeminism,<ref name="Nnaemeka">{{cite journal |last=Nnaemeka |first=Obioma |title=Feminism, Rebellious Women, and Cultural Boundaries: Rereading Flora Nwapa and Her Compatriots |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |year=1995 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=80–113 |jstor=3820273}}</ref> femalism, [[transnational feminism]], and [[Africana womanism]].<ref name="Hudson-Weems">{{Cite book |last=Hudson-Weems |first=Clenora |title=Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves |year=1994 |publisher=Bedford Publishers |location=Troy, Mich. |isbn=978-0-911557-11-4 |page=158}}</ref>