Ancient Rome

=== Law ===
{{Main|Roman law}}
The roots of the legal principles and practices of the [[Outline of ancient Rome|ancient Romans]] may be traced to the [[Twelve Tables|Law of the Twelve Tables]] promulgated in 449&nbsp;BC and to the codification of law issued by order of Emperor [[Justinian I]] around 530&nbsp;AD (see [[Corpus Juris Civilis]]). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued into the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Roman Empire]], and formed the basis of similar codifications in continental Western Europe. Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 17th century.

The major divisions of the law of ancient Rome, as contained within the Justinian and Theodosian law codes, consisted of ''Jus civile'', ''[[Jus gentium]]'', and ''Jus naturale''. The ''Jus civile'' ("Citizen Law") was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens.{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=46}} The [[Praetor urbanus|''praetores urbani'']] (''sg. Praetor Urbanus'') were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The ''Jus gentium'' ("Law of nations") was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens.{{Sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/146 146]}} The [[Praetor peregrinus|''praetores peregrini'']] (''sg. Praetor Peregrinus'') were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners. ''Jus naturale'' encompassed natural law, the body of laws that were considered common to all beings.