Tree

====Bonsai====
[[File:Dwarf Japanese Juniper, 1975-2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Informal upright style of [[bonsai]] on a [[juniper]] tree]]
{{main|Bonsai}}

{{Nihongo |Bonsai | 盆栽 | | lit. "Tray planting"}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Gustafson |first=Herbert L. | title=Miniature Bonsai | publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. | year=1995 | isbn=0-8069-0982-X | page=[https://archive.org/details/miniaturebonsai00gust/page/9 9] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/miniaturebonsai00gust/page/9 }}</ref> is the practice of [[Hòn Non Bộ|''hòn non bộ'']] originated in China and spread to Japan more than a thousand years ago, there are similar practices in other cultures like the living miniature landscapes of Vietnam ''hòn non bộ''. The word ''bonsai'' is often used in English as an [[umbrella term]] for all miniature trees in containers or pots.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Squire |title=The Bonsai Specialist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrFEu13suIC&pg=PA3 |year=2004 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84330-543-9 |page=3 |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193243/https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrFEu13suIC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation (for the viewer) and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity (for the grower).<ref name="bonsai_masterclass_peter_chan">{{cite book |last=Chan |first=Peter |title=Bonsai Masterclass |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8069-6763-9 |ref=bonsai_masterclass_peter_chan}}</ref> Bonsai practice focuses on long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more small trees growing in a container, beginning with a cutting, seedling, or small tree of a species suitable for bonsai development. Bonsai can be created from nearly any [[perennial]] woody-stemmed tree or shrub species<ref name="the_bonsai_identifier">{{cite book |last=Owen |first=Gordon |title=The Bonsai Identifier |publisher=Quintet Publishing Ltd. |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-88665-833-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bonsaiidentifier0000owen/page/11 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/bonsaiidentifier0000owen/page/11 }}</ref> that produces true branches and can be cultivated to remain small through pot confinement with crown and root pruning. Some [[List of species used in bonsai|species]] are popular as bonsai material because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles, that make them appropriate for the compact visual scope of bonsai and a miniature deciduous forest can even be created using such species as [[Japanese maple]], [[Zelkova serrata|Japanese zelkova]] or [[hornbeam]].<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Squire |title=The Bonsai Specialist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrFEu13suIC&pg=PA66 |year=2004 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84330-543-9 |page=66 |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304135627/https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrFEu13suIC&pg=PA66 |url-status=live }}</ref>