Russia

====Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation====
Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of [[Collectivity of leadership|collective rule]] ensued, until [[Leonid Brezhnev]] became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the [[Era of Stagnation]]. The 1965 [[Kosygin reform]] aimed for partial [[decentralisation]] of the [[Soviet economy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kontorovich |first=Vladimir |title=Lessons of the 1965 Soviet Economic Reform |jstor=151112 |date=April 1988 |pages=308–316 |volume=40 |number=2 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies) |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> In 1979, after a [[Saur Revolution|communist-led revolution]] in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Westad |first=Odd Arne |title=Prelude to Invasion: The Soviet Union and the Afghan Communists, 1978–1979 |jstor=40106851 |journal=[[The International History Review]] |volume=16 |number=1 |date=February 1994 |pages=49–69 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/07075332.1994.9640668 }}</ref> In May 1988, the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan]], due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Daley |first=Tad |title=Afghanistan and Gorbachev's Global Foreign Policy |jstor=2644534 |doi=10.2307/2644534 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=29 |number=5 |date=May 1989 |pages=496–513 |publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref>
[[File:President Reagan meeting with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at Hofdi House during the Reykjavik Summit Iceland.jpg|thumb|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in one-to-one discussions with [[Ronald Reagan]] in the [[Reykjavík Summit]], 1986]]