Resurrection

=== Medical resuscitation ===
Modern medicine can, in some cases, revive patients who "died" by some definitions of [[death]], or were declared dead. However, under most definitions of death, this would mean that the patient wasn't truly dead.

Most advanced versions of such capabilities may include a method/system under development reported in 2019, 'BrainEx', that could partially revive (pig) brains hours after death (to the degree of brain circulation and cellular functions).<ref name="bbc62406350"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vrselja |first1=Zvonimir |last2=Daniele |first2=Stefano G. |last3=Silbereis |first3=John |last4=Talpo |first4=Francesca |last5=Morozov |first5=Yury M. |last6=Sousa |first6=André M. M. |last7=Tanaka |first7=Brian S. |last8=Skarica |first8=Mario |last9=Pletikos |first9=Mihovil |last10=Kaur |first10=Navjot |last11=Zhuang |first11=Zhen W. |last12=Liu |first12=Zhao |last13=Alkawadri |first13=Rafeed |last14=Sinusas |first14=Albert J. |last15=Latham |first15=Stephen R. |last16=Waxman |first16=Stephen G. |last17=Sestan |first17=Nenad |title=Restoration of brain circulation and cellular functions hours post-mortem |journal=Nature |date=April 2019 |volume=568 |issue=7752 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1099-1 |pmid=30996318 |pmc=6844189 |bibcode=2019Natur.568..336V |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> It showed that "the process of cell death is a gradual, stepwise process and that some of those processes can be either postponed, preserved or even reversed".<ref>{{cite news |title=Wild ideas in science: Death is reversible |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/wild-ideas-death-is-reversible/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |work=BBC Science Focus Magazine |language=en}}</ref> A similar [[Machine perfusion|organ perfusion system]] under development, 'OrganEx', can restore – i.e. on the cellular level – multiple vital (pig) organs one hour after death (during which the body had prolonged warm [[ischaemia]]).<ref name="bbc62406350">{{cite news |title=Pig organs partially revived hour after death |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-62406350 |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andrijevic |first1=David |last2=Vrselja |first2=Zvonimir |last3=Lysyy |first3=Taras |last4=Zhang |first4=Shupei |last5=Skarica |first5=Mario |last6=Spajic |first6=Ana |last7=Dellal |first7=David |last8=Thorn |first8=Stephanie L. |last9=Duckrow |first9=Robert B. |last10=Ma |first10=Shaojie |last11=Duy |first11=Phan Q. |last12=Isiktas |first12=Atagun U. |last13=Liang |first13=Dan |last14=Li |first14=Mingfeng |last15=Kim |first15=Suel-Kee |last16=Daniele |first16=Stefano G. |last17=Banu |first17=Khadija |last18=Perincheri |first18=Sudhir |last19=Menon |first19=Madhav C. |last20=Huttner |first20=Anita |last21=Sheth |first21=Kevin N. |last22=Gobeske |first22=Kevin T. |last23=Tietjen |first23=Gregory T. |last24=Zaveri |first24=Hitten P. |last25=Latham |first25=Stephen R. |last26=Sinusas |first26=Albert J. |last27=Sestan |first27=Nenad |title=Cellular recovery after prolonged warm ischaemia of the whole body |journal=Nature |date=August 2022 |volume=608 |issue=7922 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05016-1 |pmid=35922506 |pmc=9518831 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..405A |s2cid=251316299 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362458029 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It could be used to preserve [[donor organ]]s but may also be developed to be useful for revival in medical emergencies by buying "more time for doctors to treat people whose bodies were starved of oxygen, such as those who died from drowning or heart attacks".<ref name="bbc62406350"/>

There is research into what happens during<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vicente |first1=Raul |last2=Rizzuto |first2=Michael |last3=Sarica |first3=Can |last4=Yamamoto |first4=Kazuaki |last5=Sadr |first5=Mohammed |last6=Khajuria |first6=Tarun |last7=Fatehi |first7=Mostafa |last8=Moien-Afshari |first8=Farzad |last9=Haw |first9=Charles S. |last10=Llinas |first10=Rodolfo R. |last11=Lozano |first11=Andres M. |last12=Neimat |first12=Joseph S. |last13=Zemmar |first13=Ajmal |title=Enhanced Interplay of Neuronal Coherence and Coupling in the Dying Human Brain |journal=Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |date=2022 |volume=14 |page=813531 |doi=10.3389/fnagi.2022.813531 |pmid=35273490 |pmc=8902637 |issn=1663-4365|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Are 'Flatliners' Really Conscious After Death? |url=https://www.livescience.com/60593-flatliners-movie-death-resuscitation.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |work=livescience.com |date=4 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and after death as well as how and to what extent patients could be revived by the use of science and technology. For example, one study showed that in the hours after humans die, "certain cells [[Brain death#Medical criteria|in the human brain]] are still active".<ref>{{cite news |title='Zombie' genes? Research shows some genes come to life in the brain after death {{!}} UIC Today |url=https://today.uic.edu/zombie-genes-research-shows-some-genes-come-to-life-in-the-brain-after-death |access-date=2 November 2022 |work=today.uic.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dachet |first1=Fabien |last2=Brown |first2=James B. |last3=Valyi-Nagy |first3=Tibor |last4=Narayan |first4=Kunwar D. |last5=Serafini |first5=Anna |last6=Boley |first6=Nathan |last7=Gingeras |first7=Thomas R. |last8=Celniker |first8=Susan E. |last9=Mohapatra |first9=Gayatry |last10=Loeb |first10=Jeffrey A. |title=Selective time-dependent changes in activity and cell-specific gene expression in human postmortem brain |journal=Scientific Reports |date=23 March 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6078 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-85801-6 |pmid=33758256 |pmc=7988150 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.6078D |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> However, it is thought that at least ''without'' any life-support-like systems, death is permanent and irreversible after several hours – not days – even in cases when revival was still possible shortly after death.{{additional citation needed|date=November 2022}}

A 2010 study notes that physicians are determining death "test only for the permanent cessation of circulation and respiration because they know that irreversible cessation follows rapidly and inevitably once circulation no longer will restore itself spontaneously and will not be restored medically".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernat |first1=J. L. |title=How the Distinction between "Irreversible" and "Permanent" Illuminates Circulatory-Respiratory Death Determination |journal=Journal of Medicine and Philosophy |date=1 June 2010 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=242–255 |doi=10.1093/jmp/jhq018|pmid=20439357 }}</ref> Development of advanced live support measures "including [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR) and [[positive pressure ventilation]] (PPV)" brought the interdependence of cessation of brain function and loss of respiration and circulation and "the traditional definition of death into question"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spears |first1=William |last2=Mian |first2=Asim |last3=Greer |first3=David |title=Brain death: a clinical overview |journal=Journal of Intensive Care |date=16 March 2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1186/s40560-022-00609-4 |pmid=35292111 |pmc=8925092 |issn=2052-0492 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and further developments upend more "definitions of mortality".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koch |first1=Christof |title=Is Death Reversible? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-death-reversible/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |work=Scientific American |date=October 1, 2019}}</ref>