Racial segregation

== Historic cases (1970s to present) ==

===Bahrain===
{{See also|Human rights in Bahrain|Bandargate scandal}}
On 28 April 2007, the [[Council of Representatives of Bahrain|lower house]] of [[National Assembly of Bahrain|Bahraini Parliament]] passed a law banning unmarried migrant workers from living in residential areas. To justify the law, Nasser Fadhala, [[Member of Parliament|MP]], a close ally of the government, said "bachelors also use these houses to make alcohol, run prostitute rings or to rape children and housemaids".<ref name="migrantworkers3" />

Sadiq Rahma, technical committee head, who is a member of [[Al Wefaq]], said: "The rules we are drawing up are designed to protect the rights of both the families and the Asian bachelors (..) these labourers often have habits which are difficult for families living nearby to tolerate (..) they come out of their homes half dressed, brew alcohol illegally in their homes, use prostitutes and make the neighbourhood dirty (..) these are poor people who often live in groups of 50 or more, crammed into one house or apartment," said Mr Rahma. "The rules also state that there must be at least one bathroom for every five people (..) there have also been cases in which young children have been sexually molested."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tariq Kkonji |date=23 January 2006 |title='No go' rule for bachelor labourers |work=[[Gulf Daily News]] |url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=133367 |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119090039/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=133367 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Bahrain Centre for Human Rights]] issued a press release condemning this decision as discriminatory and promoting negative racist attitudes towards migrant workers.<ref name="migrantworkers3">{{Cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 April 2007 |title=Parliament's law to ban migrant workers who are unmarried from living in residential areas is discriminatory attitudes |publisher=Bahrain Centre for Human Rights |url=http://www.bahrainrights.org/node/1202 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731132535/http://www.bahrainrights.org/node/1202 |archive-date=31 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="migrantworkers2">{{Cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 April 2007 |title=Bahraini parliament moves to segregate migrants from citizens |publisher=Migrant rights |url=http://www.migrant-rights.org/2007/04/28/bahraini-parliament-moves-to-segregate-migrants-from-citizens/ |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> [[Nabeel Rajab]], then BCHR vice president, said: "It is appalling that Bahrain is willing to rest on the benefits of these people's hard work, and often their suffering, but that they refuse to live with them in equality and dignity. The solution is not to force migrant workers into ghettos, but to urge companies to improve living conditions for workers – and not to accommodate large numbers of workers in inadequate space, and to improve the standard of living for them."<ref name="migrantworkers3" /><ref name="migrantworkers2" />

=== Canada ===

Until 1965, racial segregation in schools, stores and most aspects of public life existed legally in [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]] and [[Nova Scotia]], and informally in other provinces such as [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Natasha |date=8 September 2021 |title=Racial Segregation of Black People in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Since the 1970s, there has been a concern expressed by some academics that major Canadian cities are becoming more segregated on income and ethnic lines. Reports have indicated that the inner suburbs of post-merger [[Toronto]]<ref name=huffingtonpost1 /> and the southern [[bedroom communities]] of [[Greater Vancouver]]<ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Rachel |date=12 March 2012 |title=Vancouver Income Inequality Study Shows City Segregating Along Racial, Income Lines |work=Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/03/12/vancouver-income-inequality-study_n_1334796.html |access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> have become steadily more immigrant and [[visible minority]] dominated communities and have lagged behind other neighbourhoods in average income. A [[CBC News|CBC]] panel in Vancouver in 2012 discussed the growing public fear that the proliferation of [[ethnic enclaves]] in Greater Vancouver (such as [[Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver|Han Chinese]] in [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] and [[Punjabis in Vancouver|Punjabis]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]) amounted to a type of [[self-segregation]]. In response to these fears, many minority activists have pointed out that most Canadian neighbourhoods remain predominately White, and yet white people are never accused of "self-segregation".

The [[Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke|Mohawk tribe]] of [[Kahnawake]] has been criticized for evicting non-Mohawks from the Mohawk reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=Natives only, please: A look into the eviction of non-natives from the Kahnawake reserve |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=2529314#ixzz0gEyxbZlC |access-date=15 February 2011 |website=National Post |location=Canada}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mohawks who marry outside of their tribal nation lose their right to live in their homelands.<ref name="nationalpost.com">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=Mohawk role model faces eviction over non-native fiancé |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/a9/3288607/story.html |access-date=15 February 2011 |website=National Post |location=Canada}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="thestar.com">{{Cite news |last=Brennan |first=Richard |date=21 February 2010 |title=Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve |work=The Star |location=Toronto |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/768952--evicting-26-non-natives-splits-reserve}}</ref> The Mohawk government claims that its policy of nationally exclusive membership is for the preservation of its identity,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=Not native? Then leave reserve, Mohawks say |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/native+Then+leave+reserve+Mohawks/2515716/story.html |access-date=15 February 2011 |website=National Post |location=Canada}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but there is no exemption for those who adopt [[Mohawk language]] or culture.<ref name="nationalpost.com" /> All interracial couples were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they have lived on the reserve.<ref name="thestar.com" /> The only exemption is for mixed national couples married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the nationally exclusive membership policy, the [[Canadian Human Rights Tribunal]] ruled that the Mohawk government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

A long-standing practice of national segregation has also been imposed upon the commercial salmon fishery in [[British Columbia]] since 1992 when separate commercial fisheries were created for select aboriginal groups on three B.C. river systems. Canadians of other nations who fish in the separate fisheries have been arrested, jailed and prosecuted. Although the fishermen who were prosecuted were successful at trial in [[R v Kapp]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=R. v. Kapp et al – Reasons for Judgment |url=http://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/judgments/pc/2003/02/p03_0279.htm |date=July 28, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001043749/http://www.provincialcourt.bc.ca/judgments/pc/2003/02/p03_0279.htm |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Provincial Court of British Columbia}}</ref> this decision was overturned on appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2004 |title=2004 BCSC 958 R. v. Kapp et al |url=http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/sc/04/09/2004bcsc0958.htm |access-date=15 February 2011 |publisher=The Courts of British Columbia |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210817/http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/sc/04/09/2004bcsc0958.htm |archive-date= Sep 23, 2015 }}</ref>

=== Fiji ===

[[1987 Fijian coups d'état|Two military coups]] in [[Fiji]] in 1987 removed a democratically elected government led by [[Indo-Fijians]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2009 |title=Country profile: Fiji |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1300477.stm |access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref> This coup was supported principally by the [[Fijians|ethnic Fijian]] population.

A new constitution was promulgated in 1990, establishing Fiji as a republic, with the offices of [[President of Fiji|President]], [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]], two-thirds of the [[Senate of Fiji|Senate]], and a clear majority of the [[House of Representatives of Fiji|House of Representatives]] reserved for ethnic Fijians; ethnic Fijian ownership of the land was also entrenched in the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tom Cockrem |title=Fiji: History |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/fiji/history |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com |archive-date=17 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817174841/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/fiji/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most of these provisions were ended with the promulgation of the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|1997 Constitution]], although the President (and 14 of the 32 Senators) were still selected by the all-indigenous [[Great Council of Chiefs]]. The last of these distinctions were removed by the [[2013 Constitution of Fiji|2013 Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2015 |title=President signs long-awaited Fiji constitution into law |work=Australia Network News |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-06/fiji-constitution-assent/4941404}}</ref>

Fiji's case is a situation of ''de facto'' racial segregation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2006 |title=UN seminar highlights concern in Fiji over racial segregation |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=23319 |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Rnzi.com}}</ref> as Fiji has a long complex history of more than 3500 years as a divided tribal nation, with unification under 96 years of [[Colony of Fiji|British rule]] also bringing other racial groups, particularly immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.

=== Israel ===

{{see also|Racism in Israel}}
[[File:Barrier Gate at Bilin Palestine.jpg|thumb|right|A barrier gate at [[Bil'in]], [[West Bank]], 2006]]

[[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] proclaims equal rights to all [[Israeli citizenship law|citizens]] regardless of ethnicity, denomination or race. Israel has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality (such as prohibition of [[Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000|discrimination]], [[Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 1988|equality in Employment]], libel based on race or ethnicity).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law00/74372.htm |title=חוק איסור לשון הרע, תשכ"ה-1965 |publisher=הכנס השנתי של העמותה למשפט ציבורי בישראל |date=14 November 2021 |access-date=18 January 2023 }}</ref> There is however, in practice, significant institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm |website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref>

In 2010, the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Israeli Supreme Court]] sent a message against racial segregation in a case involving the [[Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)|Slonim]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hassidic]] sect of the [[Ashkenazi Jews]], ruling that segregation between [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] students in a school is illegal.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1997685,00.html |title=The Jewish Religious Conflict Tearing at Israel |date=17 June 2010 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619044520/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1997685,00.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They argue that they seek "to maintain an equal level of religiosity, not from racism".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 1995 |title=Discrimination claimed in Modiin Illit haredi schools |work=Israel News |publisher=Ynetnews.com |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3926221,00.html}}</ref> Responding to the charges, the Slonim [[Haredi Judaism|Haredim]] invited Sephardi girls to school, and added in a statement: "All along, we said it's not about race, but the High Court went out against our [[rabbi]]s, and therefore we went to prison."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandel |first=Jonah |date=23 July 2010 |title=Hassidim invite Sephardi girls to school |work=Jpost.com |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=182335}}</ref>

Due to many cultural differences, and animosity towards a minority perceived to wish to annihilate Israel, a system of passively co-existing communities, segregated along ethnic lines has emerged in Israel, with Arab-Israeli minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream". This de facto segregation also exists between different Jewish ethnic groups ("''edot''") such as [[Sepharadim]], [[Ashkenazim]] and [[Beta Israel]] (Jews of Ethiopian descent),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Tanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwgJDV8Ho0cC&pg=9 |title=Ethiopian Jewish Immigrants in Israel: The Homeland Postponed |year=2001 |isbn=9780700712380 |page=9|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> which leads to de facto segregated schools, housing and public policy. The government has embarked on a program to shut down such schools, in order to force integration, but some in the Ethiopian community complained that not all such schools have been closed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nesher |first=Talila |date=1 September 2011 |title=Ethiopian Israelis Accuse State of School Segregation |work=Haaretz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ethiopian-israelis-accuse-state-of-school-segregation-1.381933}}</ref> In a 2007 poll commissioned by the Center Against Racism and conducted by the GeoCartographia Institute, 75% of Israeli Jews would not agree to live in a building with Arab residents, 60% would not accept any Arab visitors at their homes, 40% believed that Arabs should be stripped of their right to vote, and 59% believe that the culture of Arabs is primitive.<ref name="autogeneratedil">{{Cite news |last=נחמיאס |first=רועי |date=27 March 2007 |title=יותר ממחצית היהודים: נישואים לערבי הם בגידה – חדשות היום |work=Ynet |publisher=ynet.co.il |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3381836,00.html |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> In 2012, a public opinion poll showed that 53% of the polled Israeli Jews said they would not object to an Arab living in their building, while 42% said they would. Asked whether they would object to Arab children being in their child's class in school, 49% said they would not, 42% said they would.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2012 |title=Israelis Should Avoid Using Term 'Apartheid' |url=https://forward.com/culture/165231/israelis-should-avoid-using-term-apartheid/ |website=The Forward}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Gabe |title=Controversial survey ostensibly highlights widespread anti-Arab attitudes in Israel |work=Times of Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/survey-highlights-anti-arab-attitudes-in-israel}}</ref> The secular Israeli public was found to be the most tolerant, while the religious and [[Haredi]] respondents were the most discriminatory.

=== Kenya ===

The end of [[Kenya Colony|British colonial rule in Kenya]] in 1964 led to an inadvertent increase in ethnic segregation. Through private purchases and government schemes, farmland previously held by [[White people in Kenya|European farmers]] was transferred to African owners. These farms were further sub-divided into smaller localities, and, due to joint migration, many adjacent localities were occupied by members of different ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oucho |first=John |title=Undercurrents of Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12459-2 |location=Leiden}}</ref>{{pages needed|date=April 2017}} This separation along these boundaries persists today. Kimuli Kasara, in a study of recent ethnic violence in the wake of the disputed [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|2007-08 Kenyan elections]], used these post-colonial boundaries as an [[Instrumental variable|instrument]] for the degree of ethnic segregation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kasara |first=Kimuli |date=2017 |title=Does Local Ethnic Segregation Lead to Violence?: Evidence from Kenya |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~kk2432/segviolence0616.pdf |journal=Quarterly Journal of Political Science |volume=11 |number=4 |pages=441–470 |doi=10.1561/100.00014115 |issn=1554-0626}}</ref> Through a [[Instrumental variable#Interpretation as two-stage least squares|2 Stage Least Squares Regression analysis]], Kasara showed that increased ethnic segregation in Kenya's [[Rift Valley Province]] is associated with an increase in ethnic violence.<ref name=":0" />

=== Liberia ===

The [[Constitution of Liberia]] limits Liberian nationality to [[Negro]] people<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tannenbaum |first1=Jessie |title=Analysis of the Aliens and Nationality Law of the Republic of Liberia |last2=Valcke |first2=Anthony |last3=McPherson |first3=Andrew |date=1 May 2009 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1795122 |ssrn=1795122}}</ref> (see also [[Liberian nationality law]]).

While Lebanese and Indian nationals are active in trading, as well as in the retail and service sectors, and Europeans and Americans work in the mining and agricultural sectors, these minority groups with long-tenured residence in the Republic are precluded from becoming citizens as a result of their race.<ref>{{Cite book |last=American Bar Association |url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/directories/roli/liberia/liberia_analysis_of_the_aliens_and_nationality_law.authcheckdam.pdf |title=Analysis of the Aliens and Nationality Law of the Republic of Liberia |date=May 2009 |work=ABA Rule of Law Initiative}}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
[[File:Himpunan Bantah ICERD - Pandangan Drone.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Thousands of Malaysian Malay ''bumiputeras'' protesting against the ratification of ICERD.]]
{{Main|Bumiputra|Ketuanan Melayu}}
[[Malaysia]] has an [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia|article in its constitution]] which distinguishes the ethnic Malays and the non-ethnic Malays people—i.e. [[bumiputra]]—from the non-Bumiputra such as ethnic [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Malaysian Indian|Indians]], among others, under the [[social contract (Malaysia)|social contract]], of which by law would guarantee the former certain special rights and privileges. To question these rights and privileges is strictly prohibited under the Internal Security Act (ISA), legalised by the 10th Article (IV) of the Constitution of Malaysia.<ref>[[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 10 – Freedom of Speech, Assembly and Association|Constitution of Malaysia, Article 10]]</ref> In essence, non-Malays are treated as [[second-class citizens]] in Malaysia, facing many roadblocks and discrimination in matters such as [[economic freedom]], [[education]], [[healthcare]] and [[housing]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chew |first1=Amy |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/malaysia-s-dangerous-racial-and-religious-trajectory |publisher=Lowy Institute |website=Interpreter |date=25 Sep 2019 |title=Malaysia's dangerous racial and religious trajectory |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

Malaysia is also not a signatory of the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (ICERD), one of the only few countries in the world not to do so. A possible ratification in 2018 led to an [[2018 anti-ICERD rally|anti-ICERD mass rally]] by Malay supremacists at the country's capital to prevent it, threatening a racial conflict if it does happen.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAS and Umno to hold anti-Icerd rally in KL on Dec 8 |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/452368 |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117153030/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/452368 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

The privileges mentioned herein covers—few of which—the economical and education aspects of Malaysians, e.g. the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]]; an economic policy criticised by Thierry Rommel, who headed a European Commission's delegation to Malaysia, as an excuse for "significant protectionism"<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2007 |title=Malaysia fury at EU envoy remarks |work=BBC News |department=Asia-Pacific |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6237328.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813124337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6237328.stm |archive-date= Aug 13, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=John Lee Ming Keong |date=25 June 2007 |title=Apartheid and Protectionism, Internal Issues? |url=http://www.infernalramblings.com/articles/Malaysian_Politics/496/ |publisher=Infernal ramblings |access-date=22 January 2008 |archive-date=18 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118005803/http://www.infernalramblings.com/articles/Malaysian_Politics/496/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a quota maintaining higher access of Malays into public universities.

Such racial segregation policies have caused significant rates of [[human capital flight]] (brain drain) from Malaysia. A study by [[Stanford University]] highlighted that among the main factors behind the Malaysian brain drain include social injustice. It stated that the high rates of emigration of non-bumiputera Malaysians from the country is driven by discriminatory policies that appear to favour Malays/Bumiputeras—such as providing exclusive additional assistance in starting businesses and educational opportunities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Putting the Malaysian diaspora into perspective |url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/BrainDrain/Malaysia.html |website=cs.stanford.edu |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018010359/https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/BrainDrain/Malaysia.html|archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Mauritania ===

[[Slavery in Mauritania]] was finally criminalized in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2007 |title=BBC NEWS – Africa – Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm}}</ref> It was already abolished in 1980, although it was still affecting the black Africans. The number of slaves in the country was not known exactly, but it was estimated to be up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corrigan, T. |date=6 September 2007 |title=Mauritania made slavery illegal last month |work=The East African |url=http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service &#124; The Abolition season on BBC World Service |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml |website=BBC}}</ref>

For centuries, the so-called [[Haratin]] lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by white Moors of Arab/Berber ancestry. Many descendants of the [[Arab]] and [[Berber people|Berber]] tribes today still adhere to the [[supremacist]] ideology of their ancestors. This ideology has led to oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in the region of [[Sudan]] and [[Western Sahara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2007 |title=Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522 |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Irinnews.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=War and Genocide in Sudan |url=http://www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/in_depth/sudan-genocide.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031133/http://www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/in_depth/sudan-genocide.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Iabolish.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=Mauritania: The real beginning of the end of slavery? |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75756 |access-date=18 January 2010 |publisher=Irinnews.org}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===

{{main|Racial segregation in the United Kingdom}}

Although racial segregation was never made legal in the UK, occasionally pubs, workplaces, shops and other commercial premises operated a "colour bar" where non-white customers were banned from using certain rooms and facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waters |first=Rob |date=2017-04-03 |title=The rise and fall of the drinking club |url=http://www.blacklondonhistories.org.uk/uncategorized/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-drinking-club/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Black London Histories |language=en}}</ref> Segregation also operated in the 20th century in certain professions,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-26 |title=What was behind the Bristol bus boycott? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23795655 |access-date=2022-03-09}}</ref> in housing and even at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Buckingham Palace banned ethnic minorities from office roles, papers reveal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/02/buckingham-palace-banned-ethnic-minorities-from-office-roles-papers-reveal |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The colour bar in pubs was deemed illegal by the [[Race Relations Act 1965]] but other institutions such as members' clubs could still bar people because of their race until a few years later.

The United Kingdom nowadays has no legally sanctioned system of racial segregation and has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality.<ref name="gov.uk">{{Cite web |title=Race Relations Act 1976 (Repealed) |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/74/data.htm |website=www.legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> However, due to many cultural differences between the pre-existing system of passively co-existing communities, segregation along racial lines has emerged in parts of the United Kingdom, with minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2005 |title=Britons warned over 'segregation' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4273414.stm}}</ref>

The affected and 'ghettoised' communities are often largely representative of [[Pakistanis]], [[Indian people|Indians]] and other Sub-Continentals, and has been thought to be the basis of ethnic tensions, and a deterioration of the standard of living and levels of education and employment among ethnic minorities in poorer areas. These factors are considered by some to have been a cause of the 2001 English race riots in [[2001 Bradford riots|Bradford]], [[2001 Oldham riots|Oldham]] and [[2001 Harehills riot|Harehills]] in [[northern England]] which have large Asian communities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2001 |title=Race 'segregation' caused riots |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1702799.stm}}</ref><ref name="ccsr.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=Statistics of Racial Segregation: Measures, Evidence and Policy |url=http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609214608/http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2012 |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>

There may be some indication that such segregation, particularly in residential terms, seems to be the result of the unilateral 'steering' of ethnic groups into particular areas as well as a culture of vendor discrimination and distrust of ethnic minority clients by some estate agents and other property professionals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=PHILLIPS |first=D. |title=Movement to opportunity? South Asian relocation in northern cities |work=End of Award report, ESRC R000238038 |publisher=School of Geography, University of Leeds |year=2002 |page=7}}</ref> This may be indicative of a market preference amongst the more wealthy to reside in areas of less ethnic mixture; less ethnic mixture being perceived as increasing the value and desirability of a residential area. This is likely as other theories such as "ethnic [[Auto-segregation|self segregation]]" have sometimes been shown to be baseless, and a majority of ethnic respondents to a few surveys on the matter have been in favour of wider social and residential integration.

<ref name="ccsr.ac.uk" />
=== <span class="anchor" id="RS-US"></span> United States ===
{{See also|Racial segregation in the United States#Contemporary}}
[[De facto#Segregation|De facto segregation]] in the United States has increased since the [[civil rights movement]], while official segregation has been outlawed.<ref name="Kozol2005">{{Cite book |last=Kozol |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.org/details/shameofnation00jona |title=The Shame of the Nation |publisher=Random House |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4000-5245-5}}</ref> The Supreme Court ruled in [[Milliken v. Bradley]] (1974) that de facto racial segregation was acceptable, as long as schools were not actively making policies for racial exclusion; since then, schools have been segregated due to myriad indirect factors.<ref name=Kozol2005/>

[[Redlining]] is part of how white communities in America maintained some level of racial segregation. It is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as mortgages, banking, insurance, access to jobs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities |url=http://www.core.ucl.ac.be/services/psfiles/dp99/dp9913.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513204845/http://www.core.ucl.ac.be/services/psfiles/dp99/dp9913.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2006 |access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref> access to health care, or even supermarkets<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elizabeth Eisenhauer |url=https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015772503007 |title=In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition |date=February 2001 |journal=[[GeoJournal]] |volume=53 |issue=2|pages=125–133 |doi=10.1023/A:1015772503007 |s2cid=151164815 }}</ref> to residents in certain, often racially determined,<ref name="eastny">{{Cite book |last=Walter Thabit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWo8OFJpFtAC |title=How East New York Became a Ghetto | year=2003 |isbn=0-8147-8267-1 |page=42| publisher=NYU Press }}</ref> areas. The most effective form of redlining, and the practice most commonly meant by the term, refers to [[Mortgage Discrimination|mortgage discrimination]]. Over the next twenty years, a succession of further court decisions and federal laws, including the ''[[Home Mortgage Disclosure Act]]'' and measure to end [[Mortgage Discrimination|mortgage discrimination]] in 1975, would completely invalidate ''[[de jure]]'' racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S. According to Rajiv Sethi, an economist at [[Columbia University]], black-white [[housing segregation in the United States|segregation in housing]] is slowly declining for most metropolitan areas in the US.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sethi |first1=R. |title=Inequality and Segregation |last2=Somanathan |first2=R. |work=[[Journal of Political Economy]] |year=2004}}</ref> Racial segregation or separation can lead to social, economic and political tensions.<ref name="Keating">{{Cite book |last=Keating |first=William Dennis |title=The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-56639-147-4}}</ref> Thirty years (the year 2000) after the civil rights era, the United States remained in many areas a residentially segregated society, in which Blacks, whites and [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanics]] inhabit different neighborhoods of vastly different quality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 1998 |title=Myth of the Melting Pot: America's Racial and Ethnic Divides |publisher=Washington post.com |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0222.htm |access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Massey |first=Douglas S. |title=Segregation and stratification: A bio-social perspective |work=[[Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |pages=7–25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajiv Sethi |title=Inequality and Segregation |last2=Rohini Somanathan |work=Journal of Political Economy |year=2004 |volume=112 |pages=1296–1321}}</ref>

Dan Immergluck writes that in 2002 small businesses in black neighborhoods still received fewer loans, even after accounting for businesses density, businesses size, industrial mix, neighborhood income, and the credit quality of local businesses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Immergluck |first=D. |title=Redlining Redux |journal=Urban Affairs Review |year=2002 |volume=38 |pages=22–41 |doi=10.1177/107808702401097781 |issue=1 |s2cid=153818729}}</ref> Gregory D. Squires wrote in 2003 that it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Squires, Gregory D. |title=Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |year=2003 |volume=25 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00168 |issue=4 |s2cid=10070258}}</ref> Workers living in American [[inner city|inner cities]] have a harder time finding jobs than suburban workers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zenou |first1=Yves |title=Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities |last2=Nicolas |year=1999}}</ref>

Some academics have labeled the desire of many whites to avoid having their children attend academically inferior integrated schools as being a factor in "[[white flight]]" from the cities.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=VI De Facto Segregation |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580651_3/Segregation_in_the_United_States.html#s15 |access-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430211002/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580651_3/Segregation_in_the_United_States.html#s15 |archive-date=30 April 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A 2007 study in [[San Francisco]] showed that groups of homeowners of all races tended to self-segregate in order to be with people of the same economic status, education level and race.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=Patrick |url=http://real.wharton.upenn.edu/~fferreir/documents/522381.pdf |title=A Unified Framework for Measuring Preferences for Schools and Neighborhoods |last2=Fernando Ferreira |last3=Robert McMillan |date=August 2007 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=115 |pages=588–638 |citeseerx=10.1.1.499.9191 |doi=10.1086/522381 |ssrn=466280 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808103933/http://real.wharton.upenn.edu/%7Efferreir/documents/522381.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead |issue=4}}</ref> By 1990, the legal barriers enforcing segregation had been mostly replaced, although today many white Americans are willing to pay a premium to live in a predominantly white neighborhood.<ref name="vigdor">{{Cite journal |last1=Cutler |first1=David M. |url=http://www.econ.wayne.edu/agoodman/7500/functions/Seg_JPE.pdf |title=The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto |last2=Edward L. Glaeser |last3=Jacob L. Vigdor |date=June 1999 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=107 |pages=455–506 |doi=10.1086/250069 |issue=3 |s2cid=134413201}}</ref> Equivalent housing in white areas commands a higher rent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiel K.A., Zabel J.E. |title=Housing Price Differentials in U.S. Cities: Household and Neighborhood Racial Effects |journal=Journal of Housing Economics |year=1996 |volume=5 |page=143 |doi=10.1006/jhec.1996.0008 |issue=2}}</ref> These higher rents are largely attributable to [[exclusionary zoning]] policies that restrict the supply of housing. Through the 1990s, residential segregation remained at its extreme and has been called "[[hypersegregation]]" by some sociologists or "American Apartheid".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Massey D.S., Denton N. A. |title=American Apartheid. |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1993 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>
In February 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''Johnson v. California'' {{ussc|543|499|2005}} that the [[California Department of Corrections]]' unwritten practice of racially segregating prisoners in its prison reception centers—which California claimed was for inmate safety (gangs in California, as throughout the U.S., usually organize on racial lines)—is to be subject to [[strict scrutiny]], the highest level of [[constitutional review]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499 (2005) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/499/ |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref>

=== Yemen ===

{{See also|Caste#Yemen{{!}}Castes in Yemen}}
In [[Yemen]], the [[Arab]] elite practices a form of discrimination against the lower class [[Al-Akhdam]] people based on their racial characteristics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2005 |title=Yemen: Akhdam people suffer history of discrimination |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=25634 |access-date=9 January 2008}}</ref>