New Zealand

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of New Zealand}}
{{Tall image|KupeWheke.jpg|150|350|alt=Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures|Late 20th-century house-post depicting the navigator [[Kupe]] fighting two sea creatures|right}}
Early Māori adapted the tropically based east [[Polynesian culture]] in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (''[[whānau]]''), subtribes (''hapū'') and tribes (''iwi'') ruled by a chief (''[[rangatira]]''), whose position was subject to the community's approval.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=398}} The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<ref>{{cite book |first=Terry |last=Hearn |chapter=English – Importance and influence |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/english/ |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conclusions – British and Irish immigration |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/home-away-from-home/conclusions |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=March 2007 |access-date =21 January 2011}}</ref> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Stenhouse |chapter=Religion and society – Māori religion |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=November 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/religion-and-society/4 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of [[Cultural identity|their identity]], and Māori kinship roles resemble [[Hawaiian kinship|those of other Polynesian peoples]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Māori Social Structures |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Justice]] |url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/publications-archived/2001/he-hinatore-ki-te-ao-maori-a-glimpse-into-the-maori-world/part-1-traditional-maori-concepts/maori-social-structures |date=March 2001 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610051020/http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/publications-archived/2001/he-hinatore-ki-te-ao-maori-a-glimpse-into-the-maori-world/part-1-traditional-maori-concepts/maori-social-structures |url-status=dead }}</ref> More recently, [[Culture of the United States|American]], [[Culture of Australia|Australian]], [[Culture of Asia|Asian]] and other [[Culture of Europe|European cultures]] have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with [[Pasifika Festival|Pasifika]], the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands turn out for Pasifika Festival |url= http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/327424/thousands-turn-out-for-pasifika-festival |access-date=18 August 2017|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=400}} Modesty was expected and enforced through the "[[tall poppy syndrome]]", where high achievers received harsh criticism.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=399}} At the time, New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jock |last=Phillips |chapter=The New Zealanders – Post-war New Zealanders |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/10 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> From the early 20th century until the late 1960s, Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of Māori into British New Zealanders.<ref name="Māori language">{{cite book |first=Jock |last=Phillips |chapter=The New Zealanders – Bicultural New Zealand |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/12 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> In the 1960s, as tertiary education became more available, and [[Urbanization|cities expanded]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Jock |last=Phillips |chapter=The New Zealanders – Ordinary blokes and extraordinary sheilas |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/11 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> urban culture began to dominate.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jock |last=Phillips |chapter=Rural mythologies – The cult of the pioneer |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/rural-mythologies/5 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> However, rural imagery and themes are common in New Zealand's art, literature and media.<ref>{{cite book |first=Fiona |last=Barker |chapter=New Zealand identity – Culture and arts |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2012 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-identity/page-6 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

[[National symbols of New Zealand|New Zealand's national symbols]] are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. The [[silver fern]] is an emblem appearing on army insignia and sporting team uniforms.<ref name="Wilson2016">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=John |chapter=Nation and government – Nationhood and identity |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=3 December 2016 |date=September 2016}}</ref> Certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to New Zealand are called "[[Kiwiana]]".<ref name="Wilson2016" />

===Art===
{{Main|New Zealand art}}
[[File:Hinepare.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of Hinepare of [[Ngāti Kahungunu]] by [[Gottfried Lindauer]], showing chin [[Tā moko|moko]], [[pounamu]] [[hei-tiki]] and woven cloak|alt=Refer to caption]]
As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised, and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.<ref name="Creative">{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Visual arts and crafts |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/2 |access-date =4 February 2011}}</ref> Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Elements of Carving |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/4 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Surface Patterns |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/5 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (''[[wharenui]]'') decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKay |first=Bill |title=Māori architecture: transforming western notions of architecture |date=2004 |journal=Fabrications |volume=14 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=1–12 |url= http://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/fab/article/viewFile/108/126|doi=10.1080/10331867.2004.10525189|s2cid=144007691 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513145228/http://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/fab/article/viewFile/108/126 |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref>

Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red [[ochre]] and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Painted Designs |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/8 |access-date=15 February 2011|date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Māori tattoos (''[[Tā moko|moko]]'') consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Tattooing |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/9 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<ref name="beginnings">{{cite web |title=Beginnings – history of NZ painting |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-painting-history/beginnings |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=December 2010 |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as an ideal race untainted by civilisation.<ref name="beginnings" /> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of [[Regionalism (art)|regionalism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A new New Zealand art – history of NZ painting |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-painting-history/a-new-new-zealand-art |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=November 2010 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contemporary Maori art |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-painting-history/contemporary-maori-art |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=November 2010 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the [[Venice Biennale]] in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<ref name="Creative" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Paradise Lost: Contemporary Pacific Art at the Asia Society |first=Julie |last=Rauer |url= http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/paradise/article.html |work=AsianArt.com |location=Santa Fe, New Mexico, US |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref>

Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Textile Designs |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-art/10 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> [[Pounamu|Greenstone]] was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the [[hei-tiki]], a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<ref>{{cite book |first=Basil |last=Keane |chapter=Pounamu – jade or greenstone – Implements and adornment |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/pounamu-jade-or-greenstone/4 |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |chapter=Society – Food, drink and dress |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/society/9 |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Design and fashion |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/3 |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Economist print edition" /> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<ref name="The Economist print edition">{{cite news |title=Fashion in New Zealand – New Zealand's fashion industry |newspaper=The Economist |date=28 February 2008 |url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=E1_TDSGGNTD |access-date =6 August 2009}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{main|New Zealand literature}}
Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Writing and publishing |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/6 |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref> Most early English literature was obtained from Britain, and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known.<ref>{{cite web |title=The making of New Zealand literature |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/literature-in-new-zealand-1930-1960 |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=November 2010 |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref> Although still largely influenced by global trends ([[Literary modernism|modernism]]) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period, literature changed from a [[Journalism|journalistic]] activity to a more academic pursuit.<ref>{{cite web |title=New directions in the 1930s – New Zealand literature |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/literature-1940-60/1930s |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=August 2008 |access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref> Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished.<ref>{{cite web |title=The war and beyond – New Zealand literature |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-literature/the-growth-of-publishing |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=November 2007 |access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref> Dunedin is a UNESCO [[City of Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |title=28 cities join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network |url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/28_cities_join_the_unesco_creative_cities_network/back/9597/#.VPojtC6RNiR |publisher=[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] |date=December 2014 |access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

===Media and entertainment===
{{main|Music of New Zealand|Cinema of New Zealand|Media of New Zealand}}

New Zealand music has been influenced by [[blues]], [[jazz]], [[country music|country]], [[rock and roll]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]], with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.<ref name="music">{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Music |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/7 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514223830/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/creative-life/7 |archive-date=14 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient Southeast Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "[[wikt:doleful|doleful]]" sound.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Maori Music |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-music/1 |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]]}}</ref> Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Musical Instruments |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-music/6 |access-date=16 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> or as signalling devices during war or special occasions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=McLintock |title=Instruments Used for Non-musical Purposes |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-music/7 |access-date=16 February 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with [[brass band]]s and [[choir|choral music]] being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Music: General History |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/music/1 |access-date=15 February 2011|date=April 2009|orig-year=1966|encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Music: Brass Bands |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/music/3 |access-date=14 April 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> [[Pipe band]]s became widespread during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=Music: Pipe Bands |url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/music/7 |access-date=14 April 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards, and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<ref name="music" /> Some artists release Māori language songs, and the Māori tradition-based art of ''[[kapa haka]]'' (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Performing arts |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/8 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153908/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/creative-life/8 |archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[New Zealand Music Awards]] are held annually by [[Recorded Music NZ]]; the awards were first held in 1965 by [[Reckitt & Colman]] as the [[Loxene Golden Disc]] awards.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://rianz.org.nz/awards2008/history.asp |title=History – celebrating our music since 1965 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] |date=2008 |access-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110914072406/http://rianz.org.nz/awards2008/history.asp |archive-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|official weekly record charts]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_about.asp |title=About RIANZ – Introduction |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] |access-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111221160800/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_about.asp |archive-date=21 December 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hobbit holes reflected in water.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water.|The [[Hobbiton Movie Set]], located near [[Matamata]], was used for [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Downes |first1=Siobhan|title=World famous in New Zealand: Hobbiton Movie Set |url= http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/87903487/world-famous-in-new-zealand-hobbiton-movie-set |access-date=6 July 2017 |publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=1 January 2017}}</ref>]]
Public [[Radio in New Zealand|radio]] was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brian |first1=Pauling |chapter=Radio – The early years, 1921 to 1932 |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/radio/page-1 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=6 July 2017 |date=October 2014}}</ref> A state-owned [[Television in New Zealand|television service]] began in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand's first official TV broadcast |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/first-official-tv-broadcast |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=December 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<ref name="NZ TV">{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Film and broadcasting |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/5 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with many Australian and local shows.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horrocks |first1=Roger |title=A History of Television in New Zealand |url= https://www.nzonscreen.com/history |work=[[NZ On Screen]] |access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref> The number of [[List of New Zealand films|New Zealand films]] significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the [[New Zealand Film Commission]] started assisting local film-makers, and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<ref name="NZ TV" /> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are ''[[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]]'', ''[[Boy (2010 film)|Boy]]'', ''[[The World's Fastest Indian]]'', ''[[Whale Rider]]'', ''[[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]]'', ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' and ''[[The Piano]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flicks.co.nz/blog/list/top-10-highest-grossing-new-zealand-movies-ever/ |title=Top 10 Highest Grossing New Zealand Movies Ever|date=May 2016 |work=Flicks.co.nz |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand Bends and 'Hobbit' Stays |first1=Michael |last1=Cieply |first2=Jeremy |last2= Rose |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/business/media/28hobbit.html |date=October 2010|work=The New York Times |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> have encouraged some [[Film producer|producers]] to shoot very big-budget and well known productions in New Zealand, including ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]'' film trilogies, ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|The Chronicles of Narnia]]'', ''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]'', ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine|Wolverine]]'', ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' and ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Production Guide: Locations |work=Film New Zealand |url= http://www.filmnz.com/production-guide/locations.html |access-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101107112931/http://www.filmnz.com/production-guide/locations.html |archive-date=7 November 2010}}</ref> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the [[Crown entity|state retains ownership]] of some television and radio stations.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Myllylahti |first1=Merja |title=JMAD New Zealand Media Ownership Report 2016 |pages=4–29 |publisher=[[Auckland University of Technology]] |date=December 2016 |url= http://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/704053/JMAD-Report-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170521074651/http://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/704053/JMAD-Report-2016.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> Since 1994, [[Freedom House]] has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media {{as of|lc=y|2015|post=.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Scores and Status Data 1980–2015 |url= https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2015%20Scores%20and%20Status%201980-2015.xls|work=Freedom of the Press 2015 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Sport===
{{Main|Sport in New Zealand}}

[[File:Haka 2006.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white|A [[haka (sports)|haka]] performed by the [[New Zealand national rugby union team|national rugby union team ("All Blacks")]] before a game. The haka is a challenge with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet.]]

Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.<ref>{{cite book |first=Terry |last=Hearn |chapter=English – Popular culture |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/english/12 |access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> [[Rugby union]] is considered the [[national sport]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/nzstories.nsf/0/479c4ffcbb884149cc256b1f00001198?OpenDocument |title=Sport, Fitness and Leisure |date=2000 |work=New Zealand Official Yearbook |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=21 July 2008 |quote=Traditionally New Zealanders have excelled in rugby union, which is regarded as the national sport, and track and field athletics. |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607011003/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/nzstories.nsf/0/479c4ffcbb884149cc256b1f00001198?OpenDocument |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> and attracts the most spectators.<ref name="Organised Sport">{{cite book |first=Jock |last= Phillips |chapter=Sports and leisure – Organised sports |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=February 2011 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/sports-and-leisure/4 |access-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> [[Golf]], [[netball]], [[tennis]] and [[cricket]] have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and [[association football|football (soccer)]] are particularly popular among young people.<ref name="Organised Sport" /><ref name="nzsssc" /> [[Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand|Horse racing]] is one of the most popular [[spectator sport]]s in New Zealand and was part of the "rugby, racing, and beer" subculture during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rugby, racing and beer |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/rugby-racing-and-beer |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=August 2010 |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref> Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school.<ref name="nzsssc">{{Cite news |title= More and more students wear school sports colours |url= http://www.sportsground.co.nz/Article.asp?SiteID=19259&ArticleID=44316 |publisher=New Zealand Secondary School Sports Council |access-date= 30 March 2015 |archive-date= 18 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170518035647/http://www.sportsground.co.nz/Article.asp?SiteID=19259&ArticleID=44316 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the [[1888–89 New Zealand Native football team|late 1880s]] and the [[The Original All Blacks|early 1900s]] played an early role in instilling a national identity.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott |last=Crawford |chapter=Rugby and the Forging of National Identity |chapter-url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ASSHSSH/ASSHSSH11.pdf |date=January 1999 |editor-first=John |editor-last=Nauright |title=Sport, Power and Society in New Zealand: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives |series="ASSH Studies in Sports History" series |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Australian Society for Sports History]] |via=LA84Foundation.org (and Internet Archiave) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025021/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ASSHSSH/ASSHSSH11.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref> Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby, and the country's team performs a [[Haka (sports)|haka]], a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Derby |chapter=Māori–Pākehā relations – Sports and race |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=December 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/maori-pakeha-relations/4 |access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> New Zealand is known for its [[extreme sport]]s, [[Adventure travel|adventure tourism]]{{sfn|Bain|2006|p=69}} and strong [[mountaineering]] tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander [[Edmund Hillary|Sir Edmund Hillary]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Langton |first=Graham |title=A history of mountain climbing in New Zealand to 1953 |date=1996 |location=Christchurch |publisher=[[University of Canterbury]] |url= https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/3549 |access-date=12 August 2017 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World mourns Sir Edmund Hillary |date=11 January 2008 |work=The Age |location=Melbourne |url= http://news.theage.com.au/national/world-mourns-sir-edmund-hillary-20080111-1ldx.html}}</ref> Other outdoor pursuits such as [[cycling in New Zealand|cycling]], fishing, swimming, running, [[Tramping in New Zealand|tramping]], canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular.<ref name="SportsParticipation">{{cite web |url= http://www.activenzsurvey.org.nz/Documents/Participation-Levels.pdf |title=Sport and Recreation Participation Levels |publisher=[[Sport and Recreation New Zealand]] |access-date=27 November 2016 |date=2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150115065459/http://www.activenzsurvey.org.nz/Documents/Participation-Levels.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> New Zealand has seen regular sailing success in the [[America's Cup]] regatta since 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand and the America's Cup |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/americas-cup|date=17 May 2018 |publisher=New Zealand History}}</ref> The Polynesian sport of [[waka ama]] racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barclay-Kerr |first1=Hoturoa |chapter=Waka ama – outrigger canoeing |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/waka-ama-outrigger-canoeing |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=12 August 2017 |date=September 2013}}</ref>

New Zealand has competitive international teams in [[New Zealand national rugby union team|rugby union]], [[New Zealand national rugby league team|rugby league]], [[New Zealand national netball team|netball]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|cricket]], [[New Zealand men's national softball team|softball]], and [[Team New Zealand|sailing]]. New Zealand participated at the [[Summer Olympics]] in 1908 and 1912 as [[Australasia at the Olympics|a joint team with Australia]], before first participating [[New Zealand at the Olympics|on its own]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite web |title=NZ's first Olympic century |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/olympics/overview |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=27 April 2017|date=August 2016}}</ref> The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/olympics.aspx |title=London 2012 Olympic Games: Medal strike rate – Final count (revised) |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rio 2016 Olympic Games: Medals per capita |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/olympics-2016.aspx |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=27 April 2017|date=30 August 2016}}</ref> The [[New Zealand national rugby union team|All Blacks]], the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby<ref>{{cite news |last=Kerr |first=James |title=The All Blacks guide to being successful (off the field) |date=14 November 2013 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/active/10427619/The-All-Blacks-guide-to-being-successful-off-the-field.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/active/10427619/The-All-Blacks-guide-to-being-successful-off-the-field.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and have won the [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]] three times.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand |date=2019 |work=RugbyWorldCup.com |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/teams/new-zealand |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104085131/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/teams/new-zealand |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|New Zealand cuisine}}
[[File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Raw meat and vegetables|Ingredients to be prepared for a [[hāngī]]]]

The national cuisine has been described as [[Pacific Rim]], incorporating the native [[Māori cuisine]] and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia, and Asia.<ref name="cuisine">{{cite web |title=New Zealand Cuisine |work=New Zealand Tourism Guide |publisher=[[Tourism New Zealand]] |date=January 2016 |url= http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/nz/cuisine-and-dining |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=Hazel |chapter=Kai Pākehā – Introduced foods |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/kai-pakeha-introduced-foods |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=27 June 2017 |date=November 2008}}</ref> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], salmon, {{lang|mi|[[kōura]]}} (crayfish),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whaanga |first1=Mere |chapter=Mātaitai – Shellfish gathering |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/mataitai-shellfish-gathering/page-6 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2006 |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> [[Bluff oyster]]s, [[whitebait]], {{lang|mi|[[pāua]]}} (abalone), mussels, scallops, {{lang|mi|[[Paphies australis|pipi]]}} and {{lang|mi|[[tuatua]]}} (types of New Zealand shellfish),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Shellfish |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shellfish |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> {{lang|mi|[[kūmara]]}} (sweet potato), [[kiwifruit]], [[tamarillo]], and [[Pavlova (cake)|pavlova]] (considered a national dessert).<ref>{{cite book |last=Burton |first=David |chapter=Cooking – Cooking methods |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cooking/page-2 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=September 2013 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="cuisine" /><!--Second source references ingredients--> A [[hāngī]] is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven; still used for large groups on special occasions,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Satyanand |first1=Anand |title=Hangi for Prince William |date=17 January 2010 |url= https://gg.govt.nz/publications/hangi-prince-william |publisher=Office of the [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> such as ''[[tangihanga]]''.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Māori foods – kai Māori |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-foods-kai-maori/page-4 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |last1=Royal |first1=Charles |last2=Kaka-Scott |first2=Jenny |date=September 2013 |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>