Judaism

====Jewish movements in Israel====
{{Main|Religion in Israel}}
In Israel, as in the West, Judaism is also divided into major Orthodox, Conservative and Reform traditions.<ref name="Tabory1990">{{cite book |year=2004 |orig-date=1990 |surname=Tabory |given=Ephraim |chapter=Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel |title=Social Foundations of Judaism |editor-surname=Goldscheider |editor-given=Calvin |editor-surname2=Neusner |editor-given2=Jacob |editor-link2=Jacob Neusner |place=Eugene, Or |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publ. |edition=Reprint |pages=240–258 |chapter-url= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ |isbn=1-59244-943-3 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624193459/https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Ch. 18 "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations"}}<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Beit-Hallahmi |given=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi |entry=Jewish Religious Life in State of Israel |editor-surname=Berlin |editor-given=Adele |editor-link=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion  |edition=2nd |pages=385–387 |entry-url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y|page=385|keywords=|text=}} |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford; New York |url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y}} |isbn=978-0-19-975927-9}}</ref> At the same time, for statistical and practical purposes, a different division of society is used there on the basis of a person's attitude to religion.

Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as "[[Jewish secularism|secular]]" (''[[hiloni]]''), "traditional" (''[[masortim|masorti]]''), "religious" (''[[Orthodox Judaism|dati]]'') or "ultra-religious" (''[[Haredi Judaism|haredi]]'').<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi" /><ref name="Kedem">{{cite book |surname=Kedem |given=Peri |chapter=Demensions of Jewish Religiosity |year=2017 |orig-date=1995 |editor-surname=Deshen |editor-given=Shlomo |editor-surname2=Liebman |editor-given2=Charles S. |editor-link2=Charles Liebman |editor-surname3=Shokeid |editor-given3=Moshe |editor-link3=Moshe Shokeid |title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel |series=Studies of Israeli Society, 7 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=33–62 |edition=Reprint |chapter-url={{Google books|id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=33}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-56000-178-2 |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163510/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The term "secular" is more popular as a self-description among Israeli families of western (European) origin, whose Jewish identity may be a very powerful force in their lives, but who see it as largely independent of traditional religious belief and practice. This portion of the population largely ignores organized religious life, be it of the official Israeli rabbinate (Orthodox) or of the liberal movements common to diaspora Judaism (Reform, Conservative).

The term "traditional" (''masorti'') is most common as a self-description among Israeli families of "eastern" origin (i.e., the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa). This term, as commonly used, has nothing to do with Conservative Judaism, which also names itself "Masorti" outside North America. Only a few authors, like Elliot Nelson Dorff, consider the American Conservative (masorti) movement and Israeli masorti sector to be one and the same.{{sfn|Berlin|2011|p=350}} There is a great deal of ambiguity in the ways "secular" and "traditional" are used in Israel: they often overlap, and they cover an extremely wide range in terms of worldview and practical religious observance. The term "Orthodox" is not popular in Israeli discourse, although the percentage of Jews who come under that category is far greater than in the Jewish diaspora. What would be called "Orthodox" in the diaspora includes what is commonly called ''dati'' (religious, including [[Religious Zionism|religious zionist]]) or ''haredi'' (ultra-Orthodox) in Israel.<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi" /><ref name="Kedem" /> The former term includes what is called "religious Zionism" or the "National Orthodox" community, as well as what has become known over the past decade or so as ''haredi-leumi'' ([[nationalism|nationalist]] ''haredi''), or "Hardal", which combines a largely ''haredi'' lifestyle with nationalist ideology. (Some people, in [[Yiddish]], also refer to observant Orthodox Jews as ''[[frum]]'', as opposed to ''frei'' (more liberal Jews)).{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Part 4 "Nationalist Orthodoxy"}}