Holy Spirit in Christianity

==Denominational variations==
{{Main article|Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)}}
[[File:Nicaea icon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|[[Icon]] of the Fathers of the Council holding the [[Nicene Creed]]]]
Christian denominations have doctrinal variations in their beliefs regarding the Holy Spirit. A well-known example is the ''[[Filioque]]'' controversy regarding the Holy Spirit – one of the key differences between the teachings of the main [[Western Church]]es and various [[Eastern Christian]] denominations ([[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodox]], [[Church of the East]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kasper|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Kasper |title=The Petrine ministry. Catholics and Orthodox in Dialogue: Academic Symposium Neld at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|year=2006|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0809143344|page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kinnamon|first1=Michael|last2=Cope|first2=Brian E.|title=The Ecumenical Movement: An Anthology of Key Texts and Voices|year=1997|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0802842633|page=172}}</ref>

The ''Filioque'' debate centers around whether the [[Nicene Creed]] should state that the Spirit "proceeds from the Father" and then have a stop, as the creed was initially adopted in Greek (and followed thereafter by the Eastern Church), or should say "from the Father and the Son" as was later adopted in Latin and followed by the Western Church, ''filioque'' being "and from the Son" in Latin.<ref name="Rogers81">''The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings'' by Eugene F. Rogers Jr. (2009) Wiley {{ISBN|1405136235}}, p. 81.</ref>

Towards the end of the 20th century, discussions took place about the removal of ''Filioque'' in the Nicene Creed from [[Anglican]] prayer books along the lines of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox approach, but these still have not reached a state of final implementation.<ref>''Introduction to Theology'' by Owen C. Thomas and [[Ellen K. Wondra]] (2002) {{ISBN|0819218979}}, p. 221.</ref>

The majority of mainstream [[Protestantism]] hold similar views on the theology of the Holy Spirit as the Roman Catholic Church, but there are significant differences in belief between [[Pentecostalism]] and the rest of Protestantism.<ref name="Erickson" /><ref name="Watson39">{{cite book |author=Watson |first=David |author-link=David Watson (evangelist) |title=One in the Spirit |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1973 |pages=39–64 |language=en}}</ref> Pentecostalism has a focus on "Baptism with the Spirit", relying on Acts 1:5 which refers to "now you will baptize with the Holy Spirit".<ref>''Encyclopedia of Protestantism'' by J. Gordon Melton 2008 {{ISBN|0816077460}}, p. 69.</ref> The more recent Charismatic movements have a focus on the "gifts of the Spirit" (such as healing, prophecy, etc.) and rely on 1 Corinthians 12 as a scriptural basis, but often differ from Pentecostal movements.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Protestantism'' by J. Gordon Melton 2008 {{ISBN|0816077460}}, p. 134.</ref>

[[Nontrinitarianism#Holy Spirit|Non-trinitarian views about the Holy Spirit]] differ significantly from mainstream Christian doctrine.

===Catholicism===
The Holy Spirit has been a topic in at least two papal encyclicals:
* ''[[Divinum illud munus]]'' – [[Pope Leo XIII]] (1897)
* ''[[Dominum et vivificantem]]'' – [[Pope John Paul II]] (1986)

The topic of the Holy Spirit is discussed extensively in the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' as "I believe in the Holy Spirit" in paragraphs 683 through 747.

===Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians===
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Christadelphians]] view the Holy Spirit not as an actual person separate from God the Father, but as God's eternal "energy" or "active force", that he uses to accomplish his will in creation and redemption.<ref name="Awake! Is the Holy Spirit a Person?">{{cite journal|journal=Awake!|title=Is the Holy Spirit a Person?|date=July 2006|pages=14–15|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102006245|quote=In the Bible, God's Holy Spirit is identified as God's power in action. Hence, an accurate translation of the Bible's Hebrew text refers to God's spirit as 'God's active force.'}}</ref><ref name="Christadelphian">{{cite journal |title=Doctrines to be rejected |url=http://www.christadelphia.org/reject.php |journal=Doctrines to be Rejected |quote=We reject the doctrine – that the Holy Spirit is a person distinct from the Father.}}</ref>

===The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===
{{anchor|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}Members of the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) believe that the Holy Ghost is the third member of the [[God in Mormonism|Godhead]], and is a personage of spirit, without a body of flesh and bones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctrine and Covenants 130|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22?lang=eng|access-date=2020-08-10|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> Unlike in many other denominations, the term "Holy Ghost" remains much more common than "Holy Spirit" in LDS contexts.<ref>{{cite web|title= Gospel Topics: Holy Ghost|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/holy-ghost?lang=eng}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Holy Ghost is sometimes referred to as the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of God, the Spirit of the Lord, or the Comforter.<ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/36863_eng.pdf "True to the Faith", p. 81.]</ref> Latter-day Saints believe in a kind of [[social trinitarianism]] and [[subordinationism]], meaning that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are understood as being unified in will and purpose, but not in substance.<ref>{{cite web|title=For Youth|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/youth/childrenandyouth/for-youth|access-date=2020-08-10|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> The Holy Ghost is believed to be subordinate to the Father and the Son and operates under their direction. The Holy Ghost, like all intelligent beings, is believed to be fundamentally eternal, uncreated, and self-existent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctrine and Covenants 93|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/93.29?lang=eng|access-date=2020-08-10|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref>

The LDS Church teaches that the influence of the Holy Ghost can be received before baptism, but the gift, or constant companionship, of the Holy Ghost{{snd}}which comes by the laying-on of hands by a properly ordained [[priesthood (LDS Church)|priesthood]] holder with a line of authority traced back to Christ through Peter{{snd}}is obtained only after baptism when a person is [[confirmation (Latter Day Saints)|confirmed]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Holy_Ghost |title=Holy Ghost – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism |access-date=2017-03-10 |archive-date=2018-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402051050/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Holy_Ghost |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Joseph Smith]], the founder of the church, taught, "You might as well baptize a bag of sand as a man," he said, "if not done in view of the remission of sins and getting of the Holy Ghost. Baptism by water is but half a baptism, and is good for nothing without the other half {{snd}}that is, the baptism of the Holy Ghost".<ref>''[[Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith (book)|TPJS]]'', p. 314.</ref>