Elizabeth II

=== Media depiction and public opinion ===
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".{{Sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=22}} After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=180|Roberts|2000|3p=82|Shawcross|2002|4p=50}} Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "[[prig]]gish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=280|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary ''[[Royal Family (film)|Royal Family]]'' and by televising [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1pp=66–67, 84, 87–89|Bradford|2012|2pp=160–163|Hardman|2011|3pp=22, 210–213|Lacey|2002|4pp=222–226|Marr|2011|5p=237|Pimlott|2001|6pp=378–392|Roberts|2000|7pp=84–86}} Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=213–214}} Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|p=41}} In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour [[overcoat]]s and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartner-Morley |first=Jess |date=10 May 2007 |title=Elizabeth&nbsp;II, belated follower of fashion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107225041/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=5 September 2011 |work=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref> By the end of her reign, nearly one third of Britons had seen or met Elizabeth in person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=17 May 2018 |title=Almost a third of the country has seen or met the Queen in real life |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/05/17/almost-third-country-has-seen-or-met-queen-real-li |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013300/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/05/17/almost-third-country-has-seen-or-met-queen-real-li |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=11 August 2023 |publisher=YouGov |mode=cs2}}</ref>

At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=97|Bradford|2012|2p=189|Pimlott|2001|3pp=449–450|Roberts|2000|4p=87|Shawcross|2002|5pp=1114–117}} but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=117|Roberts|2000|2p=91}} Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=556–561, 570}} Although support for [[republicanism in Britain]] seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.<ref>{{Multiref|MORI poll for ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper, March 1996, quoted in | {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=578}}; | {{Cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Jack |date=5 March 1996 |title=Watch out, the Roundheads are back |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212013603/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |archive-date=12 December 2012 |access-date=17 September 2011 |work=[[The Independent]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=578}} Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=624–625}}

[[File:Queen in Brisbane 1982.jpg|thumb|left|In [[Brisbane]], Australia, 1982]]
In November 1999, [[1999 Australian republic referendum|a referendum in Australia]] on the future of the [[Australian monarchy]] favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=310|Lacey|2002|2p=387|Roberts|2000|3p=101|Shawcross|2002|4p=218}} Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2010 |title=Australia's PM says Elizabeth&nbsp;II should be country's last British monarch |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027023347/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |archive-date=27 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |location=Canberra |agency=Associated Press |mode=cs2}}</ref> Gillard's successor, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Judith |date=15 July 2017 |title=We're all Elizabethans now: When Malcolm Turnbull met the monarch |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701064241/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |mode=cs2}}</ref> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=9 March 2021 |title=Australians in new push to break royal links after Meghan and Harry interview |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202052213/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Times |mode=cs2 |location=Sydney}}</ref> Similarly, referendums in both [[2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum|Tuvalu in 2008]] and [[2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009]] saw voters reject proposals to become republics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2009 |title=Vincies vote 'No' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010073408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=26 November 2009 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=Monarchy poll |url=https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/378/Monarchy-Poll-April-2006.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163103/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchy-poll-april-2006 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=22 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ipsos MORI]] |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite web |date=16 December 2007 |title=Monarchy Survey |url=https://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201056/https://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=17 August 2010 |publisher=[[Populus Ltd]] |page=9 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |date=28 December 2007 |title=Poll respondents back UK monarchy |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208182109/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=Monarchy/Royal Family Trends&nbsp;– Satisfaction with the Queen |url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163208/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Ipsos MORI |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], [[Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew|his lawsuit]] with [[Virginia Giuffre]] amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan]]'s [[Megxit|exit from the working royal family]] and subsequent move to the United States.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=7 September 2019 |title=Epstein, Andrew and private jets: The royals have had a tumultuous summer |url=https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923210841/https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=Sky News |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Sophie |last2=Hall |first2=Harriet |date=19 May 2021 |title=How the couple who were supposed to 'modernise the monarchy' turned their backs on it |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133622/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |archive-date=27 September 2021 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |last=Skinner |first=Giden |last2=Garrett |first2=Cameron |date=11 January 2022 |title=Three in five favour Britain remaining a monarchy, although support falls from 2012 peak as more become uncertain |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712192545/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914104959/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[YouGov]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602071842/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite news |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=2 June 2022 |title=Poll: Dramatic decline in support for monarchy in decade since Diamond Jubilee |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205309/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |archive-date=22 July 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=13 September 2022 |title=How have Britons reacted to Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II's death? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011172024/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |last=Beaver |first=Kelly |last2=Skinner |first2=Gideon |last3=Garrett |first3=Cameron |date=30 May 2022 |title=The Queen remains the nations' favourite royal as the public associate her with tradition and a positive symbol of Britain at home and abroad |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170513/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos |ref=none |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004013402/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |last=Ibbetson |first=Connor |date=31 May 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: how popular are the royals? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063147/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=IPSOS Attitudes to the Royal Family |url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |publisher=Ipsos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516095425/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |last=Merrick |first=Jane |date=2 June 2022 |title=Half of Britons won't be celebrating Platinum Jubilee and think Royal Family is out of touch |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929062055/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=[[I (newspaper)|i]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |date=30 May 2022 |title=Sky high public approval for the Queen ahead of Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909081309/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |title=Has the Queen done a good job during her time on the throne? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924045039/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> As of 2021 she remained the third [[most admired woman]] in the world according to the annual [[Gallup poll]], her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=14 December 2021 |title=World's most admired 2021 |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418180803/https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=YouGov America |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters [[Pietro Annigoni]], [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], [[Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy]], [[Terence Cuneo]], [[Lucian Freud]], [[Rolf Harris]], [[Damien Hirst]], [[Juliet Pannett]] and [[Tai-Shan Schierenberg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Ben |date=12 February 2016 |title=Revealed: Damien Hirst's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12155026/Revealed-Damien-Hirsts-only-portrait-of-the-Queen-found-in-government-archives.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/hcSiV |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 September 2016 |work=The Telegraph |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NPG1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth&nbsp;II |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023806/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Notable photographers of Elizabeth included [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Yousuf Karsh]], [[Anwar Hussein (photographer)|Anwar Hussein]], [[Annie Leibovitz]], [[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield|Lord Lichfield]], [[Terry O'Neill (photographer)|Terry O'Neill]], [[John Swannell (photographer)|John Swannell]] and [[Dorothy Wilding]]. The first official [[portrait photograph]] of Elizabeth was taken by [[Marcus Adams (photographer)|Marcus Adams]] in 1926.<ref name="NPG">{{Cite web |title=Marcus Adams |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115011943/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |mode=cs2}}</ref>