Ebola

===Infection control===
<!-- Caring for the infected -->
[[File:VHFisolation.png|thumb|upright=1.5|VHF isolation precautions poster]]
Community awareness of the benefits on survival chances of admitting cases early is important for the infected and infection control <ref name="Guiliani 2022" />

====Caregivers====
[[File:Donna Wood, Nurse and NHS Ebola volunteer (15652582937).jpg|thumb|right|British woman wearing protective gear]]

People who care for those infected with Ebola should wear protective clothing including masks, gloves, gowns and goggles.<ref name=CDC2014P/> The U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) recommend that the protective gear leaves no skin exposed.<ref name=Oct2014CDC/> These measures are also recommended for those who may handle objects contaminated by an infected person's body fluids.<ref name=CDCBook1998/> In 2014, the CDC began recommending that medical personnel receive training on the proper suit-up and removal of [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE); in addition, a designated person, appropriately trained in biosafety, should be watching each step of these procedures to ensure they are done correctly.<ref name="Oct2014CDC">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2014 |title=Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment To Be Used by Healthcare Workers During Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in U.S. Hospitals, Including Procedures for Putting On (Donning) and Removing (Doffing) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/procedures-for-ppe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022024557/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/procedures-for-ppe.html |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> In Sierra Leone, the typical training period for the use of such safety equipment lasts approximately 12 days.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ebola/11155840/Ebola-medics-better-trained-in-Sierra-Leone-than-Spain.html | title = Ebola medics 'better trained in Sierra Leone than Spain' | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200628201158/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ebola/11155840/Ebola-medics-better-trained-in-Sierra-Leone-than-Spain.html | archive-date=28 June 2020 | work = The Telegraph | vauthors = Govan F | date = 11 October 2014 }}</ref>
In 2022 in Uganda, lighter personal protection equipment has become available as well as possibilities to monitor and communicate with patients from windows in the treatment tents until it is necessary to enter if e.g. a patient's oxygen levels drop. <ref name="Guiliani 2022" /> 

====Patients and household members====
The infected person should be in [[Isolation (health care)|barrier-isolation]] from other people.<ref name=CDC2014P/> All equipment, medical waste, patient waste and surfaces that may have come into contact with body fluids need to be [[disinfection|disinfected]].<ref name="CDCBook1998">{{Cite book | vauthors = Peters CJ |url= https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/abroad/pdf/african-healthcare-setting-vhf.pdf |title=Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting |date=December 1998 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708093022/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/abroad/pdf/african-healthcare-setting-vhf.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2014 outbreak, kits were put together to help families treat Ebola disease in their homes, which included protective clothing as well as [[chlorine powder]] and other cleaning supplies.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://time.com/3481394/equipping-homes-to-treat-ebola-patients/ | title = This Is How Ebola Patients Are Equipping Their Homes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150305172616/http://time.com/3481394/equipping-homes-to-treat-ebola-patients/ | archive-date=5 March 2015 | work = Time Magazine | vauthors = Sifferlin A | date = 9 October 2014 }}</ref> Education of caregivers in these techniques, and providing such barrier-separation supplies has been a priority of [[Doctors Without Borders]].<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Sheri F, Nossiter A, Kanter J |date=10 October 2014 |title=Doctors Without Borders Evolves as It Forms the Vanguard in Ebola Fight |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/11/world/africa/doctors-without-borders-evolves-as-it-forms-the-vanguard-in-ebola-fight-.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014172320/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/11/world/africa/doctors-without-borders-evolves-as-it-forms-the-vanguard-in-ebola-fight-.html |archive-date=14 October 2014}}</ref>

====Disinfection====
<!-- Disinfecting surfaces -->
Ebolaviruses can be [[Sterilization (microbiology)|eliminated]] with heat (heating for 30 to 60 minutes at 60&nbsp;°C or boiling for five minutes). To [[disinfectants|disinfect]] surfaces, some lipid solvents such as some alcohol-based products, detergents, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) or [[calcium hypochlorite]] (bleaching powder), and other suitable disinfectants may be used at appropriate concentrations.<ref name="urlEbolavirus – Pathogen Safety Data Sheets" /><ref name="Infection Guidance">{{Cite journal |date=August 2014 |title=Interim infection prevention and control guidance for care of patients with suspected or confirmed filovirus haemorrhagic fever in health-care settings, with focus on Ebola |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |id=WHO/HIS/SDS/2014.4 Rev. 1 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10665/130596 |periodical=WHO Technical Documents |last1=Organization |first1=World Health }}</ref>

====General population====
<!-- General population -->
Education of the general public about the risk factors for Ebola infection and of the protective measures individuals may take to prevent infection is recommended by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name=WHO2014/> These measures include avoiding direct contact with infected people and regular [[hand washing]] using soap and water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2014 |title=Ebola – 5 tips to avoid the deadly disease |url=https://plan-international.org/about-plan/resources/news/ebola-outbreak-5-tips-to-avoid-the-deadly-disease/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324061050/http://plan-international.org/about-plan/resources/news/ebola-outbreak-5-tips-to-avoid-the-deadly-disease/ |archive-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Plan International }}</ref>

====Bushmeat====
<!-- Bush meat -->
[[Bushmeat]], an important source of protein in the diet of some Africans, should be handled and prepared with appropriate protective clothing and thoroughly cooked before consumption.<ref name=WHO2014/> Some research suggests that an outbreak of Ebola disease in the wild animals used for consumption may result in a corresponding human outbreak. Since 2003, such animal outbreaks have been monitored to predict and prevent Ebola outbreaks in humans.<ref name="Rouquet_2005">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rouquet P, Froment JM, Bermejo M, Kilbourn A, Karesh W, Reed P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, Délicat A, Rollin PE, Leroy EM |date=February 2005 |title=Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001–2003 |journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=283–90 |doi=10.3201/eid1102.040533 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3320460 |pmid=15752448 }}</ref>

====Corpses, burial====
<!-- Dead bodies -->
If a person with Ebola disease dies, direct contact with the body should be avoided.<ref name="CDC2014P">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2014 |title=Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/prevention/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904125431/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/prevention/index.html |archive-date=4 September 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Certain [[burial ritual]]s, which may have included making various direct contacts with a dead body, require reformulation so that they consistently maintain a proper protective barrier between the dead body and the living.<ref name="CDC1998">{{Cite book |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/abroad/pdf/african-healthcare-setting-vhf.pdf |title=Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |year=1998 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411222536/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/abroad/pdf/african-healthcare-setting-vhf.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="url_www.who.int_ burial">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2014 |title=Section 7: Use Safe Burial Practices |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/whoemcesr982sec7-9.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226091100/https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/whoemcesr982sec7-9.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015 |website=Information resources on Ebola virus disease |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Harden B |date=24 December 2000 |title=Ebola's Shadow |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001224mag-ebola.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020200433/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001224mag-ebola.html |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> Social anthropologists may help find alternatives to traditional rules for burials.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Fassassi A  |date=September 2014 |title=How anthropologists help medics fight Ebola in Guinea |url=http://www.scidev.net/global/cooperation/feature/anthropologists-medics-ebola-guinea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112752/http://www.scidev.net/global/cooperation/feature/anthropologists-medics-ebola-guinea.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=SciDev.Net }}</ref>

====Transport, travel, contact====
<!-- Transportation -->
Transportation crews are instructed to follow a certain isolation procedure, should anyone exhibit symptoms resembling EVD.<ref name="urlWHO – West Africa – Ebola virus disease">{{Cite web |title=West Africa – Ebola virus disease Update: Travel and transport |url=https://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729034008/https://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/ |archive-date=29 July 2014 |website=International travel and health |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> {{As of|August 2014}}, the WHO does not consider travel bans to be useful in decreasing spread of the disease.<ref name=WHO2014T/> In October 2014, the CDC defined four risk levels used to determine the level of 21-day monitoring for symptoms and restrictions on public activities.<ref name="CDC_monitor_movement">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Monitoring Symptoms and Controlling Movement to Stop Spread of Ebola |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/fs1027-monitoring-symptoms-controlling-movement.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708091445/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/fs1027-monitoring-symptoms-controlling-movement.html |archive-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> In the United States, the CDC recommends that restrictions on public activity, including travel restrictions, are not required for the following defined risk levels:<ref name=CDC_monitor_movement/>
* having been in a country with widespread Ebola disease transmission and having no known exposure (low risk); or having been in that country more than 21 days ago (no risk)
* encounter with a person showing symptoms; but not within three feet of the person with Ebola without wearing PPE; and no direct contact with body fluids
* having had brief skin contact with a person showing symptoms of Ebola disease when the person was believed to be not very contagious (low risk)
* in countries without widespread Ebola disease transmission: direct contact with a person showing symptoms of the disease while wearing PPE (low risk)
* contact with a person with Ebola disease before the person was showing symptoms (no risk).

The CDC recommends monitoring for the symptoms of Ebola disease for those both at "low risk" and at higher risk.<ref name=CDC_monitor_movement/>

====Laboratory====
<!-- Laboratory -->
In laboratories where diagnostic testing is carried out, [[Biosafety level|biosafety level 4-equivalent containment]] is required.<ref name="OSHA">{{Cite web |title=Ebola: Control and Prevention |url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ebola/control_prevention.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109145135/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ebola/control_prevention.html |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=9 November 2014 |publisher=[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) }}</ref> Laboratory researchers must be properly trained in BSL-4 practices and wear proper PPE.<ref name=OSHA/>