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Do not fill this in! ===Abrahamic=== ====Christianity==== [[File:Švenčiausioji Trejybė.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|''Holy Trinity'' (1756–1758) by [[Szymon Czechowicz]], showing [[God the Father]], [[God the Son]], and the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]], all of whom are revered in Christianity as a single deity]] {{Main|God in Christianity|Trinity|God the Father|God the Son|Jesus in Christianity|Holy Spirit in Christianity|Names of God in Christianity|Christian theology}} Christianity is a monotheistic religion in which most mainstream congregations and denominations accept the concept of the Holy [[Trinity]].<ref name="Emery"/>{{rp|233–234}} Modern orthodox Christians believe that the Trinity is composed of three equal, [[Consubstantiality|cosubstantial]] persons: [[God the Father]], [[God the Son]], and the [[Holy Spirit]].<ref name="Emery"/>{{rp|233–234}} The first person to describe the persons of the Trinity as ''homooúsios'' (ὁμοούσιος; "of the same substance") was the [[Church Fathers|Church Father]] Origen.<ref name="La Due">{{cite book|last=La Due|first=William J.|date=2003|title=Trinity Guide to the Trinity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WvgLlSKW7oC&q=Origen+Trinity&pg=PA37|location=Harrisburg, PA|publisher=Trinity Press International|isbn=978-1-56338-395-3|page=38|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002219/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WvgLlSKW7oC&q=Origen+Trinity&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> Although most early Christian theologians (including [[Origen]]) were [[Subordinationism|Subordinationists]],<ref name="Badcock">{{citation|last=Badcock|first=Gary D.|date=1997|title=Light of Truth and Fire of Love: A Theology of the Holy Spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnDyjaXPwooC&q=Origen+Subordinationist&pg=PA43|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8028-4288-6|page=43|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002231/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnDyjaXPwooC&q=Origen+Subordinationist&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}</ref> who believed that the Father was superior to the Son and the Son superior to the Holy Spirit,<ref name="La Due"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Roger E.|date=1999|title=The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zexBAwAAQBAJ&q=Origen+Father+of+Theology&pg=PA100|location=Downers Grove, IL|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-1505-0|page=25|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002228/https://books.google.com/books?id=zexBAwAAQBAJ&q=Origen+Father+of+Theology&pg=PA100|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greggs|first=Tom|date=2009|title=Barth, Origen, and Universal Salvation: Restoring Particularity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etQjYHmwiv4C&q=Origen+preexistence+of+souls&pg=PA55|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-956048-6|page=161|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002207/https://books.google.com/books?id=etQjYHmwiv4C&q=Origen+preexistence+of+souls&pg=PA55|url-status=live}}</ref> this belief was condemned as heretical by the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in the fourth century, which declared that all three persons of the Trinity are equal.<ref name="Badcock"/> Christians regard the universe as an element in God's actualization<ref name="Emery"/>{{rp|273}} and the Holy Spirit is seen as the divine essence that is "the unity and relation of the [[God the Father|Father]] and the Son".<ref name="Emery"/>{{rp|273}} According to George Hunsinger, the doctrine of the Trinity justifies worship in a Church, wherein Jesus Christ is deemed to be a full deity with the [[Christian cross]] as his icon.<ref name="Emery"/>{{rp|296}} The theological examination of Jesus Christ, of divine grace in incarnation, his non-transferability and completeness has been a historic topic. For example, the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451 CE declared that in "one person Jesus Christ, fullness of deity and fullness of humanity are united, the union of the natures being such that they can neither be divided nor confused".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Larsen|first1=Timothy|last2=Treier|first2=Daniel J.|title=The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-82750-8|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=vlmXBe0RPxYC|page=51}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> Jesus Christ, according to the [[New Testament]], is the self-disclosure of the one, true God, both in his teaching and in his person; Christ, in Christian faith, is considered the incarnation of God.<ref name="Owen"/>{{rp|4, 29}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aslanoff|first1=Catherine|title=The Incarnate God: The Feasts and the life of Jesus Christ|date=1995|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|location=Crestwood, NY|isbn=978-0-88141-130-0|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=QpVNuPwnIIcC}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Inbody|first1=Tyron|title=The Faith of the Christian Church: An Introduction to Theology|date=2005|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=978-0-8028-4151-3|pages=205–232|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=cHvF2SiBn-kC}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> ====Islam==== {{Main|Allah|Ilah|God in Islam|Names of God in Islam}} [[Ilah]], ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾIlāh}}'' ({{lang-ar|إله}}; plural: {{lang|ar|آلهة}} ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾālihah}}''), is an [[Arabic]] word meaning "god".<ref name="Saritoprak">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah|author=Zeki Saritoprak|title=Allah|editor=Oliver Leaman|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=34|isbn=978-0-4153-2639-1|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004005837/https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cornell">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=God: God in Islam|editor=Lindsay Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=MacMillan Reference|volume=5|year=2005|page=724}}</ref> It appears in the name of the monotheistic god of Islam as [[Allah]] (''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|[[allah|al-Lāh]]}}'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref name="gardet-allah">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|title=Allah|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|first=L.|last=Gardet|access-date=2 May 2007|editor1-first=P.|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|publisher=Brill Online|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403114258/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|url-status=live}}</ref> which literally means "the god" in Arabic.<ref name="Saritoprak"/><ref name="Cornell"/> Islam is strictly monotheistic<ref name="Hammer">{{cite book|last1=Hammer|first1=Juliane|last2=Safi|first2=Omid|title=The Cambridge Companion to American Islam|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-107-00241-8|page=213|edition=1st|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OBPKKFUyZaUC}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> and the first statement of the ''[[shahada]]'', or Muslim confession of faith, is that "there is no ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾilāh}}'' (deity) but ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-Lāh}}'' (God)",<ref name="Yust">{{cite book|last1=Yust|first1=Karen Marie|last4=Johnson|first4=Aostre N.|last5=Sasso|first5=Sandy Eisenberg|last6=Roehlkepartain|first6=Eugene C.|title=Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions|date=2006|isbn=978-1-4616-6590-8|page=300|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=adMkAgAAQBAJ}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> who is perfectly unified and utterly indivisible.<ref name="Hammer"/><ref name="Yust"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Piamenta|first1=Moshe|title=The Muslim Conception of God and Human Welfare: As Reflected in Everyday Arabic Speech|date=1983|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=16–17|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FOIUAAAAIAAJ}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> The term [[Allah]] is used by Muslims for God. The [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''[[Khuda]]'' (Persian: خدا) can be translated as god, lord or king, and is also used today to refer to [[God in Islam]] by [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] and [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] speakers. The [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] word for god is [[Tengri]]; it exists as ''Tanrı'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. ====Judaism==== [[File:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg|thumb|The tetragrammaton in [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]] (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] (3rd century BCE to present) scripts]] {{Main|God in Judaism|Yahweh|Tetragrammaton|Elohim|Names of God in Judaism}} Judaism affirms the existence of one God (Yahweh, or YHWH), who is not abstract, but He who revealed himself throughout Jewish history particularly during the Exodus and the Exile.<ref name="Owen"/>{{rp|4}} Judaism reflects a monotheism that gradually arose, was affirmed with certainty in the sixth century "Second Isaiah", and has ever since been the axiomatic basis of its theology.<ref name="Owen"/>{{rp|4}} The classical presentation of Judaism has been as a monotheistic faith that rejected deities and related idolatry.<ref name="Terry">{{cite book|last1=Terry|first1=Michael|title=Reader's Guide to Judaism|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94150-5|pages=287–288|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Aw5EAgAAQBAJ}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> However, states Breslauer, modern scholarship suggests that idolatry was not absent in biblical faith, and it resurfaced multiple times in Jewish religious life.<ref name="Terry"/> The rabbinic texts and other secondary Jewish literature suggest worship of material objects and natural phenomena through the medieval era, while the core teachings of Judaism maintained monotheism.<ref name="Terry"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kochan|first1=Lionel|title=Jews, Idols, and Messiahs: The Challenge from History|date=1990|publisher=B. Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-15477-8|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=fWVsQgAACAAJ}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2017}} According to Aryeh Kaplan, God is always referred to as "He" in Judaism, "not to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God", but because "there is no neuter in the Hebrew language, and the Hebrew word for God is a masculine noun" as he "is an active rather than a passive creative force".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaplan|first1=Aryeh|title=The Aryeh Kaplan Reader: The Gift He Left Behind : Collected Essays on Jewish Themes from the Noted Writer and Thinker|date=1983|publisher=Mesorah Publications|location=Brooklyn, NY|isbn=978-0-89906-173-3|pages=144–145|edition=1st|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=bv5lmlmRmbwC}}|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> ====Mandaeism==== {{Main|Hayyi Rabbi}} {{Further|Mandaeism}} In [[Mandaeism]], ''[[Hayyi Rabbi]]'' (lit=The Great Life), or 'The Great Living God',<ref name=Nashmi>{{Citation|last=Nashmi|first=Yuhana|title=Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith|website=Mandaean Associations Union|date=24 April 2013|url=http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031155605/http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith|url-status=live}}</ref> is the supreme God from which all things [[Emanationism|emanate]]. He is also known as 'The First Life', since during the creation of the material world, [[Yushamin]] emanated from Hayyi Rabbi as the "Second Life."<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443}}</ref> "The principles of the Mandaean doctrine: the belief of the only one great God, Hayyi Rabbi, to whom all absolute properties belong; He created all the worlds, formed the soul through his power, and placed it by means of angels into the human body. So He created [[Adam and Eve]], the first man and woman."<ref>{{Citation|last=Al-Saadi|first=Qais|title=Ginza Rabba "The Great Treasure" The Holy Book of the Mandaeans in English|website=Mandaean Associations Union|date=27 September 2014|url=http://www.mandaeanunion.com/component/k2/itemlist/category/45-mandaean-identity|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716214027/http://www.mandaeanunion.com/component/k2/itemlist/category/45-mandaean-identity|url-status=live}}</ref> Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.<ref name=Routledge>Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In {{cite book|last=Rowe|first=Paul S.|title=Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1DwAAQBAJ&q=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East|page=163|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-3172-3379-4|place=London and New York|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730071808/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Minorities_in_the/bOF1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). 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